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With vaccination your body mounts an immune response to the pathogen. You learn what the pathogen looks like and make antibodies (gamma globulin) against it. You then get memory cells which can last a very long time and will let your body respond and fight off the pathogen the next time you are exposed.

Gamma globulin is just an antibody that will circulate in your blood and and fight off the pathogens it was made against. You will not mount an immune response, and you will not get memory cells for long lasting protection.

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Q: Why does a vaccination provide long-lasting protection against a disease while gamma globulin provides only short-term protection?
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