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Intercostal spaces
The Phrenic & Intercostal nerves.
The primary nerves involved in breathing are the phrenic nerve and the intercostal nerves. The phrenic nerve controls the diaphragm, the main muscle involved in breathing, while the intercostal nerves control the muscles between the ribs that help with the mechanics of breathing.
Intercostal nerves are formed from the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves. They travel between the ribs and supply sensation to the muscles and skin of the thorax.
The abdominal muscles are primarily innervated by the lower intercostal nerves, which originate from the thoracic spinal nerves. These nerves come together to form the lower thoracic intercostal nerves and the subcostal nerve, collectively contributing to the innervation of the abdominal muscles.
In between human ribs are layers of intercostal muscles, nerves, and blood vessels that help support and protect the ribcage. Additionally, there is a thin layer of connective tissue called the intercostal membrane that separates each rib.
The visceral pleura is innervated by autonomic nerves that travel with the bronchial blood vessels. The parietal pleura is innervated by somatic nerves, specifically the intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve.
Infection in and destruction of the nerves leads to sensory loss.
In the 6th intercostal space, important structures found include the internal mammary artery and vein, and the intercostal muscles and nerves. Additionally, in the left 6th intercostal space, the cardiac apex is located.
The major function of the phrenic nerves is to innervate the diaphragm, which is the primary muscle responsible for respiration. These nerves play a crucial role in controlling the movement of the diaphragm during breathing by sending signals from the brain to the diaphragm muscle. Dysfunction of the phrenic nerves can lead to respiratory issues and difficulty breathing.
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The intercostal spaces are located between the ribs and contain muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that help with breathing. There are 11 intercostal spaces on each side of the ribcage.