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the circulatory system, the heart rate increases and blood flow increases to the exercising muscles, and lessens to the other parts of the body. Your respiratory system doesn't change except for the amount of air flow. (Addition): When your heart rate increases from anything in general, you tend to breathe heavier and faster depending on the amount of pressure your heart is being put into.
a very broad question however this is what i know
circulatory, when exercising the heartrate will increase to compensate for a higher oxygen demand in the muscles, blood pressure will thus increase aswell
also when the body starts to warm up, which the brain sensors in its thermoceptors it will start vasodilating, where the blood vessels close to the skin expand/open up to allow more blood flow close to the skin(that's why people go red) and let out heat through radiation, which if is continued after a long time will encourage sweat.
breathing rate will also increase for obvious reasons... an increase in Co2(bodys waste) and lower oxygen levels make you breath faster
respiratory... roughly the first ten seconds of any exercise willl use the ATP-CP (adenisine tri-phosphate-creatine phosphate), which is engergy that doesnt require any oxygen(aneorobic) aswell as the next 40 seconds of exercise will use the lactic acid energy system (also aneorobic) however it needs oxygen to break down to prevent muscle cramps, nausea etc. 1 minute of exercise upwards will use aerobic energy(the use of oxygen) where instead of reactions in the cytoplasm of the cell(anaerobic) the aerobic energy is created within the mitochondria of muscle cells where the oxygen will bind with glucose atoms to create ATP-CP energy, this is done in all long distance running. that is all the three energy systems realted to the repiratory system and im pretty sure ive covered evrything in circultory, oh and in circulatory blood vessels to non vital organs(digestive organs) are constricted to create a stronger abundance of bllod where its needed(muscles)
The immediate effect is to speed up both. If the exercise is sufficient to strain (i.e. bring it close to the upper limits of function) (technically close to failure), then the long term (a few days) effect is to strengthen the muscles of the heart and chest.
During a vigerous exercise your cells must create more energy, thus having to use oxygen, the circulatory system must transport this oxygen to other cells to create energy.
it works harder to draw in as much oxygen as the heart pumps more blood to circulate faster.
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