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A diamond is by far the hardest material on earth. On the Mohs scale of hardness -- ranked 1 to 10 -- diamonds are 10, which is more than 10 times harder than the closest at 9, a ruby - corundum (aluminium oxide). The stone, marble, is usually in the 6-7 range. A toy marble can be made from glass, clay, steel, or agate, none of which is as hard as a diamond.
Diamonds are measured in CARATS. Purity of gold is in KARATS. A 14 carat diamond would be an extremely large diamond- about the size of a marble. Value is based on carat weight, cut, color, and clarity- but that would be a multi-million dollar stone in all likelihood. But I think you are looking at marking of the metal.
The value of a diamond depends on its cut, its clarity, its colour and its carat weight. A local jeweler can give you the answer you want.
A diamond of this weight is unknown, therefore, is not possible to value.
Yes. A diamond cutter can help you plan a new cut for an existing cut-diamond. Be aware that carat weight will be lost in this process and usually, depending on its clarity, could devalue or improve the value of the diamond. For example, the diamond cutter may be able to plan a cut that renders an Internally Flawless diamond a Flawless diamond. This may increase its value. However, if a different cut is desired and the carat-weight loss is significant, the diamond may be devalued.