The lowest point of an arc is called the nadir. In geometry, the nadir is the point on the arc that is farthest below the center of the arc's circle. It is the point where the arc changes direction from descending to ascending. The nadir is a critical point in understanding the overall shape and characteristics of the arc.
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A circle, or arc thereof.
Nadir
The highest point is sometimes called the zenith, peak, apogee, maximum or a number of other synonyms.
An arc. The arc covering less than half the circumference is called a minor arc; the arc covering more than half is called a major arc.
No. Because a radius extends from the arc to the point. Chord extends from one point of the arc to another.