Earth's lithosphere is predominantly composed of the following elements:
Oxygen (46.6 %), Silicon (27.7 %), Aluminium (8.13 %), Iron (5.0 %), Calcium (3.6 %), Sodium (2.8 %), Potassium (2.5 %), Magnesium (2.1 %).
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The lithosphere primarily consists of solid rock and minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica. It also contains elements like silicon, aluminum, iron, and magnesium that make up the composition of rocks in the Earth's outer layer.
lithosphere Islands and continents are usually found in areas that have been surrounded by a large mass of water.
The lithosphere consists of the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, while the upper mantle is the solid rock layer beneath the crust. Together, they form the rigid outer shell of the Earth.
Landforms on the lithosphere include mountain ranges, plateaus, plains, valleys, and canyons. These features are a result of tectonic processes such as folding, faulting, and volcanic activity shaping the Earth's surface over time.
Islands and continents are all parts of the Earth's crust or lithosphere, which is the solid outer layer of the planet. They are both landmasses, with islands being surrounded by water and continents being larger and connected to other landmasses.
The four spheres of the physical environment in geography are the lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (living organisms). These spheres interact and influence each other to create the Earth's environment.