Composting relies on natural processes that decompose organic materials. This includes certain chemical processes that are carried out by microorganisms which thrive under ideal conditions. They work most efficiently when the correct moisture level is present and they are given enough oxygen. Their activity creates the heat in a compost bin which can be warm enough to kill weed seeds and sterilize the material.
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Bacteria breaking down the materials cause heat. The compost should rise as high as 146-165 Degrees to fully kill all weed seeds and other organisms.
A compost heap is hot in the middle because this is where the microbes are starting to break down the material in the compost heap and as part of their process they generate heat.
To cause the material to heat up and aid decomposition.
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Well, there are more than two, strictly speaking, but oxygen and moisture content--although it should be understood that one can also have too much moisture.