That would be the strong nuclear force. It is called the strong force because it is the most powerful of the 4 fundamental forces; typical field strength is 100 times the strength of the electromagnetic force, 1013 times as great as that of the weak force, and about 1038 times that of gravitation, according to Wikipedia. It is also sometimes called the color force, however this has no relation to the visible color we commonly refer to.
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Neutrons and protons.
the nucleus is made of protons and neutrons together. the protons have a positive charge and the neutrons have no charge [electrons circle the nucleus and have a negative charge]
The atomic number is the number of protons in a nucleus.
electrons are negatively charged sub atomic particles which surround the nucleus and never leave their orbit unless and until they are excited by a photon(packet of light)
It very much depends on the energy, type of bombarding particle, and the exact nucleus. Neutrons and protons can be accepted at lower energies, and the nucleus will eventually decay to a more stable form (if necessary). Photons above a threshold can photoactivate a nucleus to an unstable state. More energetic particles of any sort tend to scission the nucleus essentially immediately.