It's the gravitational effect of the Sun combined with the inertia of the planets.
Their inertia (Newton's first law of motion) would make the planets move in straight lines, but the gravitational force makes them follow elliptical paths and they orbit the Sun.
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The object is moving forward at high speed and tends to travel in a straight line. But the gravitational pull of the Sun causes it to accelerate towards the Sun. The combined effect is that the object's path bends sideways, continuously.
The centripetal force exerted on the telescope by gravity is balanced with the centrifugal force of the object exerted on e.g. earth.
The sun's gravitational pull keeps the earth in orbit around it.
satellites that spy typically in a low earth orbit with a big telescope looking down at the ground, like google satellite on steroids
Because the moon moves with a certain speed in its orbit, that orbital motion produces a centrifugal force which opposes the attraction of gravity. The balance between gravity and centrifugal force keeps the moon in orbit. The moon continues to orbit at the speed it does, because of its inertia. Moving in the vacuum of space, the moon does not encounter resistance to its motion. There is, however, some energy lost as a result of tidal forces, and that will, over a very long period of time, eventually alter the moon's orbit.
There is no gravity in space but the shuttle stays in orbit because of the Earths gravity and inertia. The inertia keeps it going in a circular motion. In space the Earth's gravity is strong enough to hold something in orbit but not strong enough to pull it to Earth's surface.
telescope or maybe binoculars