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Barometers can use any liquid. A dense liquid that makes for a short column at room temperature, is mercury.
The element Mercury is considered to be non polar. It is not a compound but a molten metal. Mercury atoms are bonded to each other with metallic bonds.
No one knows exactly when mercury was discovered, but many ancient civilizations were familiar with this element. It's ore is a dark red and known a cinnabar. When heated in a charcoal fire droplets of the metal appear on it's surface.
At room temperature, mercury is liquid, iron is solid.
Yes, depending on its temperature and the pressure on it. It's also easy to make mercury gas.