Well, depending on which way you are pushing, it could be one of three forces.
If you are pushing along a table, then it is friction that is preventing the box from moving (or more accurately, static friction).
If you are pushing the box down into the table, then it is the normal force that is at work.
If you are pushing into the air, then it is gravity.
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The force that is pushing back and keeping the box from moving is friction, which is the resistance force between the surfaces of the box and the surface it rests on.
Buoyancy= ρgV, where ρ is the density of the liquid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and V is the volume of water displaced.
When a heavy desk is not moving, the main forces acting on it are the gravitational force pulling it downward and the normal force pushing back up from the ground to support its weight. These two forces are in equilibrium, which is why the desk remains stationary.
An example of spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring as it tries to return to its equilibrium position. When you compress a spring by pushing on it, the spring exerts a force pushing back in the opposite direction.
When you push on a wall, the wall exerts an equal and opposite force back on you, as described by Newton's third law of motion. This is due to the interaction between the force you apply to the wall and the reaction force the wall applies to you. As a result, you may feel the resistance of the wall pushing back against you.
An example of output force is the force exerted by a person lifting a box off the ground. When the person applies a force to lift the box, the box applies an equal and opposite force (output force) back on the person.
The upward force exerted on you while standing on the ground is equal to your weight, as determined by the force of gravity pulling you toward the Earth. This force does not lift you up because it is balanced by the force exerted by the ground pushing back on you (normal force), keeping you in equilibrium and preventing you from accelerating upward.