Dependent and Independent variables
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I think it's very difficult to answer this question simply. Depending on the sophistication of your research model and the amount of data and the accuracy with which the research is carried out, you can test several variables simultaneously. This can be done 'legitimately', and sometimes it is too costly to run research projects that test one or two variables at a time. Some of these complex and sophisticated statistical models are used very infrequently, but it can be done.
In a properly designed experiment, it is important to have at least 2 controlled variables. With two variables you are able to remove one at a time and see the effect in your setup.
Ex Post Facto (also called Causal Comparative Research) is useful whenever: • We have two groups which differ on an independent variable and we want to test hypotheses about differences on one or more dependent variables OR • We have two groups which already differ on a dependent variable and we want to test hypotheses about differences on one or more independent variables
have no variables