A macropore has a diameter of more than 50 nm , a mesopore has a diameter of 2 nm - 50 nm, a micropore has a diameter of less than 2 nm, a nanopore has a diameter of approximately 1 nm. Nm means nanometer.
Zeolites have high porosity due to their unique crystalline structure, which contains regularly spaced micropores and mesopores. The porosity of zeolites allows them to selectively adsorb molecules based on their size and shape, making them useful in various applications such as catalysis and gas separation.
Buying bag of charcoal or scraping the burnt parts off toast into a pile in the hope of removing odours or poisons is not an option. The carbon used in absorbing other materials has been activated to create micropores in the surface. Tis is an involved industrial process not duplicated in the manufacture of fuel charcoal/
That part of the pore space that has a characteristic dimension less than 1 micron. In general, this includes not only very small pores but also the porosity associated with surface roughness. The water in this pore space is part of the capillary-bound water and the small-pore water. Water in micropores is not expected to flow on production. The term is also defined as porosity that cannot be seen at magnifications less than 50x.
You have floor cleaning machines to keep your floors in great shape, but equally important is selecting the best floor scrubber pads for your needs.Lfsponge Melamine floor pad performs well with machine speeds of 175 to 350 rpm, like single disc machines and floor polishing machines. This melamine floor pad is made of melamine and microfiber, It is good at removing dirt and stains by scrubbing surfaces. It uses physical decontamination and the interior microfibers are delicate, grinding hard that can be penetrated the micropores on the surface of the floor during the wiping process, removing stains quickly, polishing, dewaxing, repairing small scratches.it will not affect the luster of the floor and there will be no scratches. It is a new generation of floor cleaning appliances.
I have never heard of Pearls sinking in water. But they say if you put a pearl in a clear glass of water and place it in the moon light, if the pearl is real it will reflect the light. There are some more test to differentiate between real and fake pearls: One of the easiest way to notice which one of them are fake is that, by rubbing both pearls together. Here you would need to take notice of two things. 1. When rubbing two pearls together, you would feel a friction between two pearls. If you were to rub 2 plastic together there wouldn't be any friction between them. 2. If you noticed when you rub the pearls together a small spec of the pearls would have come off and it would end up having scratches. 3.But if you rub over the scratch area of the pearl. The scratch marks would be gone, and the pearls would looked as if nothing happened to it. That my friends is how you can tell if your pearls are genuine. Another way to determine to see your pearls are real is by burning the pearls itself with fire. Take a lighter and burn the pearl. Pearls are fire resistant, or they will never melt to put it that way. But if burn marks do appear on the pearl itself, just rub over the burnt marks and it would disappear just like that. Rub the pearl across the front of your upper teeth. It may sound strange, but real pearls will feel rough or gritty while fake ones will feel smooth. This is due to the micropores found on the genuine article. I hope that with these simple methods will help you to be able to tell a difference between real pearls with fake one as well.
Yes, real pearls will sink in water because they are much denser than water. This characteristic can help distinguish between real and fake pearls, as imitation pearls are often lightweight and may float in water.
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Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0--1, or as a percentagebetween 0--100%. The term is used in multiple fields including pharmaceutics, ceramics, metallurgy, materials, manufacturing, earth sciences and construction.Void fraction in two-phase flowIn gas-liquid two-phase flow, the void fraction is defined as the fraction of the flow-channel volume that is occupied by the gas phase or, alternatively, as the fraction of the cross-sectional area of the channel that is occupied by the gas phase.[1]Void fraction usually varies from location to location in the flow channel (depending on the two-phase flow pattern). It fluctuates with time and its value is usually time averaged. In separated (i.e., non-homogeneous) flow, it is related to volumetric flow rates of the gas and the liquid phase, and to the ratio of the velocity of the two phases (called slip ratio).Porosity in earth sciences and constructionUsed in geology, hydrogeology, soil science, and building science, the porosity of a porous medium (such as rock or sediment) describes the fraction of void space in the material, where the void may contain, for example, air or water. It is defined by the ratio:where VV is the volume of void-space (such as fluids) and VT is the total or bulk volume of material, including the solid and void components. Both the mathematical symbols ϕ and n are used to denote porosity.Porosity is a fraction between 0 and 1, typically ranging from less than 0.01 for solid granite to more than 0.5 for peat and clay. It may also be represented in percent terms by multiplying the fraction by 100.The porosity of a rock, or sedimentary layer, is an important consideration when attempting to evaluate the potential volume of water or hydrocarbons it may contain. Sedimentary porosity is a complicated function of many factors, including but not limited to: rate of burial, depth of burial, the nature of the connate fluids, the nature of overlying sediments (which may impede fluid expulsion). One commonly used relationship between porosity and depth is given by the Athy (1930) equation:[2]where ϕ0 is the surface porosity, k is the compaction coefficient (m−1) and z is depth (m).A value for porosity can alternatively be calculated from the bulk density ρbulk and particle density ρparticle:Normal particle density is assumed to be approximately 2.65 g/cm3, although a better estimation can be obtained by examining the lithology of the particles.]Porosity and hydraulic conductivityPorosity can be proportional to hydraulic conductivity; for two similar sandy aquifers, the one with a higher porosity will typically have a higher hydraulic conductivity (more open area for the flow of water), but there are many complications to this relationship. The principal complication is that there is not a direct proportionality between porosity and hydraulic conductivity but rather an inferred proportionality. There is a clear proportionality between pore throat radii and hydraulic conductivity. Also, there tends to be a proportionality between pore throat radii and pore volume. If the proportionality between pore throat radii and porosity exists then a proportionality between porosity and hydraulic conductivity may exist. However, as grain size and/or sorting decreases the proportionality between pore throat radii and porosity begins to fail and therefore so does the proportionality between porosity and hydraulic conductivity. For example: clays typically have very low hydraulic conductivity (due to their small pore throat radii) but also have very high porosities (due to the structured nature of clay minerals), which means clays can hold a large volume of water per volume of bulk material, but they do not release water rapidly and therefore have low hydraulic conductivity.Sorting and porosityWell sorted (grains of approximately all one size) materials have higher porosity than similarly sized poorly sorted materials (where smaller particles fill the gaps between larger particles). The graphic illustrates how some smaller grains can effectively fill the pores (where all water flow takes place), drastically reducing porosity and hydraulic conductivity, while only being a small fraction of the total volume of the material. For tables of common porosity values for earth materials, see the "further reading" section in the Hydrogeology article. Porosity of rocksConsolidated rocks (e.g. sandstone, shale, granite or limestone) potentially have more complex "dual" porosities, as compared with alluvial sediment. This can be split into connected and unconnected porosity. Connected porosity is more easily measured through the volume of gas or liquid that can flow into the rock, whereas fluids cannot access unconnected pores.[edit]Porosity of soilPorosity of surface soil typically decreases as particle size increases. This is due to soil aggregate formation in finer textured surface soils when subject to soil biological processes. Aggregation involves particulate adhesion and higher resistance to compaction. Typical bulk density of sandy soil is between 1.5 and 1.7 g/cm³. This calculates to a porosity between 0.43 and 0.36. Typical bulk density of clay soil is between 1.1 and 1.3 g/cm³. This calculates to a porosity between 0.58 and 0.51. This seems counterintuitive because clay soils are termed heavy, implying lower porosity. Heavy apparently refers to a gravitational moisture content effect in combination with terminology that harkens back to the relative force required to pull a tillage implement through the clayey soil at field moisture content as compared to sand.Porosity of subsurface soil is lower than in surface soil due to compaction by gravity. Porosity of 0.20 is considered normal for unsorted gravel size material at depths below thebiomantle. Porosity in finer material below the aggregating influence of pedogenesis can be expected to approximate this value.Soil porosity is complex. Traditional models regard porosity as continuous. This fails to account for anomalous features and produces only approximate results. Furthermore it cannot help model the influence of environmental factors which affect pore geometry. A number of more complex models have been proposed, including fractals, bubble theory, cracking theory,Booleangrain process, packed sphere, and numerous other models. See also Characterisation of pore space in soil.]Types of geologic porositiesPrimary porosity The main or original porosity system in a rock or unconfined alluvial deposit. Secondary porosity A subsequent or separate porosity system in a rock, often enhancing overall porosity of a rock. This can be a result of chemical leeching of minerals or the generation of a fracture system. This can replace the primary porosity or coexist with it (see dual porosity below). Fracture porosity This is porosity associated with a fracture system or faulting. This can create secondary porosity in rocks that otherwise would not be reservoirs for hydrocarbons due to their primary porosity being destroyed (for example due to depth of burial) or of a rock type not normally considered a reservoir (for example igneous intrusions or metasediments). Vuggy porosity This is secondary porosity generated by dissolution of large features (such as macrofossils) in carbonate rocks leaving large holes, vugs, or even caves. Effective porosity (also called open porosity) Refers to the fraction of the total volume in which fluid flow is effectively taking place and includes Caternary and dead-end (as these pores cannot be flushed, but they can cause fluid movement by release of pressure like gas expansion[3]) pores and excludes closed pores (or non-connected cavities). This is very important for groundwater and petroleum flow, as well as for solute transport. Ineffective porosity (also called closed porosity) Refers to the fraction of the total volume in fluids or gases are present but in which fluid flow can not effectively take place and includes the closed pores. Understanding the morphology of the porosity is thus very important for groundwater and petroleum flow. Dual porosity Refers to the conceptual idea that there are two overlapping reservoirs which interact. In fractured rock aquifers, the rock mass and fractures are often simulated as being two overlapping but distinct bodies. Delayed yield, and leaky aquifer flow solutions are both mathematically similar solutions to that obtained for dual porosity; in all three cases water comes from two mathematically different reservoirs (whether or not they are physically different). Macro porosity Refers to pores greater than 50 nm in diameter. Flow through macropores is described by bulk diffusion. Meso porosity Refers to pores greater than 2 nm and less than 50 nm in diameter. Flow through mesopores is described by Knudsen diffusion.Micro porosity Refers to pores smaller than 2 nm in diameter. Movement in micropores is by activated diffusion. Measuring porositySeveral methods can be employed to measure porosity:Direct methods (determining the bulk volume of the porous sample, and then determining the volume of the skeletal material with no pores (pore volume = total volume − material volume).Optical methods (e.g., determining the area of the material versus the area of the pores visible under the microscope). The "areal" and "volumetric" porosities are equal for porous media with random structure.[4]Computed tomography method (using industrial CT scanning to create a 3D rendering of external and internal geometry, including voids. Then implementing a defect analysis utilizing computer software)Imbibition methods,[4]i.e., immersion of the porous sample, under vacuum, in a fluid that preferentially wets the pores. Water saturation method (pore volume = total volume of water − volume of water left after soaking).Water evaporation method (pore volume = (weight of saturated sample − weight of dried sample)/density of water)Mercury intrusion porosimetry (several non-mercury intrusion techniques have been developed due to toxicological concerns, and the fact that mercury tends to form amalgams with several metals and alloys).Gas expansion method.[4]A sample of known bulk volume is enclosed in a container of known volume. It is connected to another container with a known volume which is evacuated (i.e., near vacuum pressure). When a valve connecting the two containers is opened, gas passes from the first container to the second until a uniform pressure distribution is attained. Using ideal gas law, the volume of the pores is calculated as, whereVV is the effective volume of the pores, VT is the bulk volume of the sample, Va is the volume of the container containing the sample, Vb is the volume of the evacuated container, P1 is the initial pressure in the initial pressure in volume Va and VV, and P2 is final pressure present in the entire system. The porosity follows straightforwardly by its proper definition . Note that this method assumes that gas communicates between the pores and the surrounding volume. In practice, this means that the pores must not be closed cavities. Thermoporosimetry and cryoporometry. A small crystal of a liquid melts at a lower temperature than the bulk liquid, as given by the Gibbs-Thomson equation. Thus if a liquid is imbibed into a porous material, and frozen, the melting temperature will provide information on the pore-size distribution. The detection of the melting can be done by sensing the transient heat flows during phase-changes using differential scanning calorimetry - (DSC thermoporometry),[5]measuring the quantity of mobile liquid using nuclear magnetic resonance - (NMR cryoporometry)[6]or measuring the amplitude of neutron scattering from the imbibed crystalline or liquid phases - (ND cryoporometry).[7]hi im rachelle can you pls add me at: rachelletugagao@yahoo.comthank's and god bless
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