Water is a universal solvent.
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It is a solvent liquid. For example, water is a solvent as it can dissolve sugar crystals (and many other things).
many things some examples are tempered steel, plastics of almost all kinds, rubber, rock(to a certain degree), and many other treated metals
The sugar dissolves in water, that is why the water becomes sweet.The sugar and water together forms a sugar solution. The water is called a solvent. Sugar, the substance that dissolves in water is called a solute. Water dissolves many substances. These substanes are said to be soluble in water. The ones that do not dissolve in water are said to be insoluble in water.
This question is misguided. I presume you mean how many spatula fulls of salt will dissolve in water. This is impossible to answer as it depends upon the mass of water, its temperature and the size of the spatula, and it's impossible to be completely consistent with what piles on the spatula. At 25 degrees C, 35.96 g of salt will dissolve in 100g of water.
It depends on the physical properties of the substance. Sometimes heating a hydrophobic substance can increase solubility. Also, heating may cause the substance to denature and dissolve. In the case of proteins, proteins can contain many hydrophobic parts but still be soluble in water. However, hydrophobic substances do not typically dissolve in water, due to the polar nature of water. Typically, scientists use the word "hydrophobic" only to describe substances that have a negligible solubility in water. You may have meant to ask "why do hydrophilic substances dissolve in water".