Experimentation.
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The Scientific Method.
HypothesisDataTestAnalysis-> 1. Hypothesis
Hypothesis.
If you mean the process by which they evaluate problems and go about solving them, they use what is called the "scientific method." This method involves a few steps: 1. Define the problem 2. Evaluate the problem and its parameters. 3. Create a hypothesis (or an educated guess of what method you think will solve your problem) 4. Conduct an experiment using your hypothesis. (Test your hypothesis) 5. Evaluate your results and collect data (did it work?) 6. Deduct a conclusion (if it worked, that's your answer, if not, figure out why it was not the solution to your problem and come up with other possibilities)
A hypothesis would qualify as an educated guess. So would an estimate.