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They are mainly categorized for their destruction, but also their wind speeds (which the amount of destruction tells you). This is on a scale called the Enhanced Fujita scale:

EF-0: 65-85 MPH, minor roof damage, weak branches broken off trees.

EF-1: 86-110 MPH, roofs severely damaged, glass windows broken.

EF-2: 111-135 MPH, Roofs are torn off well built houses, trees are uprooted.

EF-3: 136-165 MPH, strong homes largely destroyed, trains derailed.

EF-4: 166-200 MPH, strong homes leveled, objects made into missiles.

EF-5: over 200 MPH, Houses completely blown away, usually very large, completely tears away everything in its path.

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Q: How are tornadoes categorized?
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