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As a simple explanation we can say that in a gas, there is an enormous amount of empty space and the particles rarely get close enough for the forces to have any signficant effect.

There is a more complete explanation also.

Forces between atoms and molecules typically act only for a few angstroms or perhaps a bit more depending on the specifics of the atom or molecule. (The forces act at longer distances but are too weak to affect the motion of the particles. Also, if the particles are charged, then the forces extend to a much greater range, but we do not usually discuss such systems as a gas but instead discuss them as a plasma.) The distance between particles in a gas is typically ten times greater than the range of forces. (Obviously, the more dilute the gas, the greater the distance between particles, so distances can be much much greater than the range of interaction, but that makes the effects of interaction even weaker.)

Real gasses do have forces between the particles, but if the forces are strong enough to bind the particles together they would not be gas, but a liquid or solid, i.e. they would condense. (We can characterize the interactions as "significant" if the potential energy decrease from attractive forces in sticking two particles together is large enough to be close to the kinetic energy of thermal motion. So, what is "significant" depends on temperature and weaker forces are significant only at lower temperatures. )

Finally, we can reverse the question and make it a statement. For materials with no significant forces between the particles, the particles will be in a gaseous state.

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12y ago

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