Gumpaste is edible, but most people don't think it tastes good.
There is no difference as the ingredients and manufacturing process is the same.
My mom realistically made a doll out of gumpaste.
Sure, you can make flowers out of fondant, gumpaste, modeling chocolate, or buttercream; which material is best to use depends on what you want to do with the flowers after you make them, how long you want them to last, how hard you need them to be, etc. You can get a ton of information on each of the above mediums at CakeCentral.com, as well as countless other websites. Cakesbydesign.cc (Not .com) is a great place for supplies and info. If you do a search on fondant or gumpaste flowers, you'll get more info than you ever wanted! :)
I don't know how they invented stickers, but I do know that they were first introduced in the 1880's by European merchants. They stock paper on to fruit using gumpaste. R. Stanton Avery made the first sticker that we know of today, though.
All lilies are toxic, so it's not a good idea to have them in contact with the actual cake. You can use a separator plate or other barrier in order to keep them away from the surface of the cake, or you can use artificial lilies instead of the real thing. They make very pretty silk and gumpaste flowers.
Fondant is an excellent medium for creating decorations on cakes. It can be rolled out to cover the surface and also poured to make different shapes. Gum paste is also a great way to make detailed decorations. It is stronger than fondant and can be rolled out very thin. It dries hard and can be brittle to work with so extra care must be taken to avoid breaking pieces you've created!
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No, while a degree plan in Pastry Arts does exist, a formal education in this profession is not required in either the US or the UK. If you plan to open your own shop someday, having a degree may lend credability to your business, but there are numerous successful (even celebrity) cake decorators that were not formally educated in the craft. Informal classes, available at local community colleges, private instutions or some retail stores, are also available to help you to develop your skills. They are, in fact, a very inexpensive way to try out your liking of the craft before investing thousands of dollars on a degree plan you may, or may not use. Classes are usually small, 10 to 15 participants, and include hands on training of the basic skills in particular areas--cake baking, piping, fondant and gumpaste, and sugar art to name a few. Whether you choose to pursue a career in this area or just make it a hobby, classes are a very enjoyable way to spend a few evenings since they are educational and fun.
The answer to this question will greatly depend on the cake you make, or basically what the 'client' wants. It will also vary according to the resources available, whether it is made by a one-decorator home kitchen or a well-staffed bakery. In my experience in my home kitchen, and I do not make but the occasional mega wedding cake, a well decorated cake can take as little as 8 to 10 hours, or they can take weeks from start to finish. A well staffed bakery can cut this time by at least half.Initially you will spend about one to two hours discussing the client's needs, clarifying the terms of any contract you might have, and developing a potential design. Occasionally you'll spend part of this time doing research for at least some part of the design. At least a few minutes may be required to purchase special supplies or other shopping needs.Although there will be some argument with this, I tend to make cakes ahead of time and freeze them. Many celebrity cake decorators boast that they're cakes are "never frozen" but in my experience (and if stored properly) this actually improves the moisture level and texture of the cake. Usually, again depending on the size of the cake, I'll spend at least a portion of a day doing nothing but baking.The remaining time spent will depend on what the client wants on the cake. Sugar flowers, whether made from fondant and gumpaste or icing, generally take a long time to make and then require time to 'set'. Depending on the number required, several hours to several days will be required for just this portion of the cake. Fondant icing takes more time than frosting to make, roll, cut and cover the cake. You can save some time by buying pre-made fondant, but the poor flavor and the additional cost is not worth it in my experience. If the cake is decorated in all frosting, or frosted with pre-made flowers, then it can usually be completed in one to three hours in addition to the time spent on communication, shopping, baking, or any other specialty work that might be required.