fat!!!!
I'll assume you meant butter for one of your shortenings. In most recipes, any solid shortening can be substituted for any other solid. The end product will vary some and in some cases it has to be shortening or it has to be butter. You will just have to try it both ways and see how it turns out.
It is known as abbreviating the word.
You can make tartlets, strudels, pot pies, tarts, and quiche with puff pastry to name a few. Puff Pastry is really easy to make a million desserts with. You can literally fill them with anything and it would be delicious. You can turn them from desserts into savory meals just as easily by adding some meats and cheeses.
A baklawa is another name for a baklava, a popular sweet pastry found in cuisines of the Middle East and the Balkans.
Yes.The term Halloween, originally spelled Hallowe'en, is shortened from All Hallows' Even - e'en is a shortening of even, which is a shortening of evening.
Copha is a name for solidified coconut oil. Some web posters have suggested using another form of solid vegetable shortening may work. It is not a substitute for chocolate, but is used in a number of recipes which also contain chocolate - Rocky Road, Chocolate Crackles.
There is no French pastry going by the name of pemberton.
Shortening provides rich flavor and pleasing mouth-feel to cake. Different types of shortening, whether butter, solid vegetable shortening, or different oils, will contribute different flavors to the cake. Shortening gets its name from its function in pastry, where fat separates layers of flour, creating tender flakes, making the pastry "short." In cakes, the fat is blended more thoroughly with the flour. This process separates the protein molecules in the flour, coating them with fat and preventing the formation of gluten. This creates a moist, tender "crumb" in cakes, in contrast to bread, in which the chewy texture of gluten is desirable.
Pastry named after a French general would be "Napoleon."
A pastry shop in French is une pâtisserie. (I'm not sure what you mean by "official name", though.)
A croissant