It depends on the type of sentence. So your answer would be not all the time. I hope that helps! :)
In the U.S., "e.g." almost always needs a comma before and after. (According to the Chicago Manual of Style and others.) Usually when we say, "for example," before listing examples, we offset "for example" by commas. An abbreviation meaning the same thing is no different. But I understand that in the U.K. they often leave out the comma. I can't verify that.
Not necessarily. There is no word in English that requires a comma after it or before it.
Yes, you can put a comma before except. Example of a comma before except in a sentence- She can do it, except that the mountain is too steep
You would use a comma before it. Xerox, Inc.
No, a comma before "as appropriate" is not necessary. It depends on the context of the sentence and whether it flows better with or without the comma.
No, a comma does not always come before "for instance." It depends on the structure of the sentence. A comma is typically used before "for instance" when it introduces a non-essential or parenthetical element in the sentence.
No. There is no word in English that always requires a comma before it.
Sometimes, but not always. There is no one single rule that applies to "but." ----
Not at the beginning of a sentence. As you know is a clausal sentence adverbial, and as such it should generally be set off by punctuation. That would mean a comma after it at the beginning of a sentence, a comma in front of it at the end of a sentence and commas on both ends when it appears in the middle of a sentence: "He is, as you know, rather obstinate."
It depends on the type of sentence. So your answer would be not all the time. I hope that helps! :)
No
A period should come before the footnote at the end of a sentence, while a comma should not.
,Always.
No, definitely not. In very many cases it would not even be optional. It would simply be wrong.
As always, I enjoyed my time with the kids.
No, a comma is not always necessary before "which" in a sentence. Use a comma before "which" when introducing a nonessential clause, but do not use a comma before "which" when introducing an essential clause.