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If you are placing more than one resistors in series, then its combined resistance is higher than when you place these resistors in shunt.
In long shunt the shunt field winding is in parallel to both generator and series field. In short shunt the shunt field is in parallel to generator only.
An ordinary amplifier can have high gain but is unstable, drifts, can oscillate, etc. An amplifier with negative feedback has lower gain but is stable, does not drift, won't oscillate, etc.
The voltage is adjusted with a potentiometer that adjusts the field voltage through the voltage regulator.
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