You don't need any "subjects" (whatever that means). Simply read the documentation that came with the update.
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No. .NET programming is Microsoft-specific, similar to Java in some respects, but it is non-portable. C++ is a general purpose and cross-platform programming language.
C: there are no methods in C. C++: no.
C++ compilers are many and varied. There is no single "latest compiler" because every IDE implements their own version according to the current C++ standard. However some (Microsoft in particular) do not fully adhere to the C++ standard. The "latest compiler" for your IDE is either provided as an interim update to the IDE, or by upgrading the IDE to the latest version.
In C and C++, as well as in many (all?) languages, a function can be called from more than one place in a program. That's the purpose of functions - to encapsulate pieces of code that are needed in more than one place in the program.
c is procedure oriented and c++ is object oriented & much newer.