There's very little point in having a distribution transformer if its secondary winding isn't connected to a load! So, to answer your question, a 'secondary system' (by which you, presumably, mean 'load'), isn't 'essential' to a distribution transformer, it could just sit there doing nothing!
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240 / 12 = 20
ratio of secondry voltage to primary voltage is called voltage transformation ratio
Yes, but it's usual to have fuses on both sides of the transformer.
Adding a DC voltage to the secondary of a transformer will not have an effect on the primary side, as transformers work on the principle of electromagnetic induction which is based on alternating current. The primary side of the transformer will still operate based on the input AC voltage of 220V. The DC voltage on the secondary side will not be transferred to the primary side.
side effects from leaking transformer oils in the early 1970's. Heart, kidney diseases?