inversion temperature Ti is twice the neutral temperature Tn.
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The relation between bending moment and the second moment of area of the cross-section and the stress at a distance y from the neutral axis is stress=bending moment * y / moment of inertia of the beam cross-section
In a typical residential situation there is 220 to 240 volts between the two hot wires that are typically red and black and 110 to 120 volts between neutral and either black or red. The voltage between neutral and earth should be zero.
do a continuity test between the neutral and the metal enclosure of the equipment containing the neutral. infinity reading [ open line ] indicates floating neutral. Steve sorensen jr
If the meter is sensitive enough and there is a resistance between the neutral and ground then the meter should be able to detect it.
We don't get shocked when we touch neutral and ground because neutral is grounded back at the distribution panel, so the effective voltage between neutral and ground is very low. It won't be zero, because there is current flowing on neutral, causing a voltage difference between the load and the distribution panel, but it is low enough, assuming there is no malfunction, to not cause a shock.In the case of touching hot and neutral, or hot and ground, you will get shocked because there is line voltage between hot and neutral, and because neutral and ground are connected together, there is also line voltage between hot and ground.Note, however, that connecting a load between hot and ground is a violation of the code and the intent of the design, because ground is not rated to carry current except in short term fault conditions - you must always connect a load between hot and neutral, or between hot and hot, as the case may be.