SQL has much to do with a researcher at IBM, Edgar F. (Ted) Codd, an Oxford-trained mathematician, who researched what was termed "the relational model" for data representation.
SQL, the standard that was later developed from Codd's work, provides a means of describing data with its natural structure only - that is, without superimposing any additional structure for machine representation purposes.
This means that SQL provides data independence from hardware and storage implementation, together with a high level, nonprocedural language for accessing and querying data.
Reference: http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/far/ch6.html
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Structured Query Language
Query by Example (QBE) is a database query language for relational databases. A QBE parser parses the search query and looks for the keywords. A more formal query string, in languages such as SQL, is then generated, which is finally executed. However, when compared with a formal query, the results in the QBE system will be more variable.SQL (Structured Query Language) SQL is a set-based, declarative query language, not an imperative language such as C or BASIC. However, there are extensions to Standard SQL which add procedural programming language functionality, such as control-of-flow constructs
SQL which stands for Structured Query Language The term you are looking for is programming language.
SQLPLUS, also written as SQL+ or SQL*Plus and pronounced "sequel plus" is a type of non-compiled (scripted) computer language that is used to write programs for accessing relational databases. The SQL acronym stands for "Simple Query Language" or "Structured Query Language" depending on who you ask. The original language developed by IBM was called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language) but later changed to SQL due to the name SEQUEL being the trademark of another company. SQL+ is a variant of the original language developed by Oracle Corporation.
OQL is a database query language(related to ODMG) that is based on SQL and supports the adding, retrieving, querying, and invocation of objects. OQL is a version of the Structured Query Language. A object query language that supports complex data types such as multimedia, spatial, compound documents, etc., that are stored as objects. Standard SQL queries can still be used, and the OQL server process converts the objects into relational views. Sanjay