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The paperclip was invented in 1899 by Johan Vaaler. He received an American patent in 1901. ;)
There are some articles talking about this in Wikipedia, but as I heard from my teacher who has lots of knowledge, it was invented by a child who was in school, playing with a piece of thin metal, and when he turned in his homework, he twisted it around and used it as a paperclip that's used these days. I'm pretty sure that the paperclip the child made didn't look exactly the same as today's paperclip.
An open circuit or a short-circuit (if that circuit is complete).
A series circuit is actually in series, but a parallel circuit, is Parallel
An electric circuit.