A: is not current or voltage but rather the product that is of concern
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Yes. As long as the speaker impedance is higher than the minimum rating for the amplifier, you are OK.
Yes, you can safely use a 4 ohm amp with one 8 ohm speaker, but you will not achieve full power. The 4 ohm amp is designed to supply a certain voltage into a 4 ohm speaker. Supplying that same voltage to an 8 ohm speaker will result in half the power, or -3dB. For maximum power, use a 4 ohm speaker, or two 8 ohm speakers in parallel.
Its not recommended. A four ohm speaker cabinet can be changed into an eight ohm speaker cabinet, if you have enough speakers in the cabinet in parallel that can be rewired in series. Unless you have a high end cabinet, the likelihood of this is small.Two four ohm cabinets, however, in series will be eight ohms. Keep in mind, however, that doubling the resistance will halve the current, which will quarter the power. Also, changing the impedance of a speaker system will change the frequency response, because often the filters are tuned with resistors.
It depends on the voltage applied across it. But the maximum current is limited by the power-rating of the resistor (power divided by the square of the voltage).
By Ohm's Law.... Voltage equals Current times Resistance (V=I*R) So if given the voltage and resistance of a system and applying algebra I=V/R .