Convolution in the time domain is equivalent to multiplication in the frequency domain.
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A sine wave is a simple vertical line in the frequency domain because the horizontal axis of the frequency domain is frequency, and there is only one frequency, i.e. no harmonics, in a pure sine wave.
frequency transfer function deals with transfer in frequency domain, transfer function alone can be referring to any type of transfer in different domain e.g time domain
The element law of a capacitor in frequency domain is based on Ohm's Law, which is capacitance times voltage is equal to current. The higher frequency, the lower the capacitance and vice versa.
Time domain basically means plotting a curve of amplitude over thr time axis. A given function or signal can be converted between the time and frequency domains with a pair of mathematical operators called a transform. An example is the Fourier transform, which decomposes a function into the sum of a (potentially infinite) number of sine wave frequency components. The 'spectrum' of frequency components is the frequency domain representation of the signal. The inverse Fourier transform converts the frequency domain function back to a time function.
Convolution is particularly useful in signal analysis. See related link.