joist
With a span of only 8" you can probably use a wood beam, but without a set of plans no one can accurately answer your question.
If the concrete roof is on a brick load bearing wall you cannot open up the wall unless you have a concrete-steel beam below it . If you want a small door or window as opening you can open up the wall (not completely) but lay a beam under the wall for strength .
That depends on what the beam is supporting above. Ideally 150mm bearing is the minimum. I have seen as little as 50mm! But any engineer would frown upon this.
Lintel is the same as beam. It is smaller in size or dimension comparing to beam. It is usually use as a support in the upper part of the sill of windows or doors. It is also use in concrete wall when requires.
joist
Increasing the force applied to the beam or increasing the distance from the force to the point of interest on the beam will increase the moment in the beam. Additionally, changing the angle of the force relative to the beam will also affect the moment.
The torches beam hits the wall, reflecting into your eyes and allowing the wall to be seen.
Plinth beam is provided to 1. support the wall above it 2. act as tie beam for columns
A wall without column structure. The wall itself support the loading from the upper floor. In conventional structure, the column support the loading from the upper beam and transfer it to the lower beam.
Support the load whatever it is, roof, second floor, generally by putting a temporary beam under the joist inside of the existing wall, tear the wall out and put in a beam to carry the load. How big the beam needs to be depends on what the load is and how long the span is. Support the beam on each end and remove the temporary beam. These are the general steps, each project is going to be slightly different and has to be figured on it's own.
you can see the beam a lazer by shining the lazer at a wall with the lights turned off then spraying something of a mist over the lazer beam.
It is the type of beam whose depth is equal or greater the slab but its top level is equal to slab. Engr A.haseeb
Nails. If they cannot be placed on top of a wall or beam a joist hanger is required as well.
When the beam of light hits a wall, it spreads out due to a process called diffraction, which causes the light waves to bend around the edges of the obstacle. This spreading of light results in the beam appearing wider and dimmer compared to when it leaves the flashlight as a more focused and intense beam.
Mom
If I am reading the question correctly, a load bearing wall was removed and replaced with a beam? Clear span, no post in the middle? If cracks are appearing, the beam that was used was not big enough. For any space of 8 feet or more, 2x12 and plywood should be used for the beam or an engineered truss used.