Changing the gears on a lathe enables it to cut certain pitches of threads.
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It depends on the brand. A lathe could be supplied with anything from two to seven separate interchangeable gears for thread cutting purposes. If you are asking how many gears a single standard center lathe has in total, the number could exceed fifty.
The back gears on a lathe can be changed to enable it to cut an even wider variety of thread pitches.
Centre lathe can use for friction welding.
A lathe that measures 6 inches from the center of the spindle to the closest part of the bed is considered a lathe with a 12 inch swing.
Tails tock sleeves are used on CNC lathes. It is the equivalent to a tail stock quill on a center lathe but in this case it uses hydraulic pressure to move it in and out of the tail stock. The function of both tail stock sleeve or quill is to clamp the workpiece by means of a center that is inserted into the sleeve or quill. On a center lathe it is used for drilling also but not on a CNC lathe.