If you are referring to the voltage at your residence, then voltage variation is caused by the changes to the load on your supply network. The network load varies throughout the day, being busiest, for example, around lunchtime and around dinnertime. The resulting load current variation causes the supply voltage to vary (it drops when the load current increases) but, by law, your supplier is obliged to maintain any voltage variation within limits -in the UK, for example, these limits are between +10% and -6% of the nominal 230 V.
No. Power is constant. Transformers neither increase nor decrease power, except for minor losses. They increase or decrease voltage, and they decrease or increase current, but the product of voltage and current, i.e. power, remains the same.
It should decrease
The frequency would decrease the gain and increase the output voltage
due to decrease in power factor
In a simple circuit, lowering the voltage will not cause the resistance to do anything. Lowering the voltage will, however, cause the current to also lower.This ignores temperature coefficient. If there is substantial power involved, a typical bulb, for instance, will grow cooler and its resistance will decrease when you lower the voltage, but that is usually a small effect.
A transformer is used to increase or decrease alternating voltage.
An increase in load (equivalent to a decrease in resistance*) causes an increase in load current. This increases the internal voltage drop within the transformer, and the terminal voltage reduces accordingly.[*An increase in load means more current is being drawn by that load, so an increase in load is equivalent to a decrease in load resistance]
Increase resistance
Electromagnets are never used to increase or decrease the voltage in a circuit. These magnets in conjunction with a rotating device (an armature) can create a voltage but the do not have any effect on a voltage.
No. Power is constant. Transformers neither increase nor decrease power, except for minor losses. They increase or decrease voltage, and they decrease or increase current, but the product of voltage and current, i.e. power, remains the same.
To increase (current) flow in a circuit you increase voltage (or decrease resistance). Ohm's Law: Current = Voltage divided by resistance
It should decrease
no
Mainly to increase or to decrease the incoming voltage
No. A step-down transformer's secondary voltage is lower than its primary voltage. The secondary current is determined by the load, and this causes a higher current in the primary winding.
The frequency would decrease the gain and increase the output voltage
This is because of the increase in electrical current draw when the hairdryer is turned on, which causes a voltage drop in the circuit. The voltage drop results in the decrease in power available for the lights, leading to them dimming momentarily.