No. Open-source software is available for almost all platforms. Some examples of open-source software not exclusive to Linux or not found on Linux at all are:
Mozilla Firefox
Google Chrome
GNU Compiler Collection
ZSNES
DOSBox
Lighttpd
Apache
Secret Maryo Chronicles
Cygwin(Exclusive to this platform)
Hatari
SheepShaver
VisualBoy Advance
VirtualBox
PearPC
Emule (exclusive to this platform)
K-Meleon (exclusive to this platform)
Infrarecorder (exclusive to this platform)
Mozilla Firefox
GNU Compiler Collection
ZSNES
DOSBox
Secret Maryo Chronicles
Hatari
SheepShaver
VisualBoy Advance
VirtualBox
PearPC
Camino (exclusive to this platform)
Adium (exclusive to this platform)
Tomato Torrent (exclusive to this platform)
AquaMacs (exclusive to this platform)
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You probably mean Open Source software. Well, it's causing a big shift, and it has only just begun. Most web servers now use open source software, running LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP) software, and many company servers use Linux and MySQL in company data centers. The use of open source is expanding quickly in the world, and open source software companies such as Red Hat are running up the ranks of the world's largest software companies (also see: http://www.softwaretop100.org/list2009.php).Chances are we will be using more open source software in the near future.
Turbo C cannot compile native Linux binaries, only programs for MS-DOS. MS-DOS applications can be run on Linux through a variety of methods, including DOSEMU, DOSBox, QEMU, Bochs, and VirtualBox.
This is hard to say with any certainty, since there are very many operating systems out there. Most of those operating systems don't have a large enough user/developer base to warrant an implementation of Java. Officially, Sun only offers downloads for: Linux, Solaris, Windows, and (via Software Update) OS X. Of course, Sun isn't the only group allowed to implement Java, which makes answering this question all that much more difficult. IBM, for example, also supports z/OS and AIX (as well as Windows and Linux again).
No. Windows and Linux have different APIs and ABIs for programs to access. You cannot run Linux binaries on Windows, and you can only run Windows binaries on Linux if you have Wine installed.
Only if you made that part of the contractual agreement when you employed the software developers. However, software developers aren't keen to give up their intellectual property, so you will likely end up with an inferior product.