ASTM A325 bolts and DIN 931 bolts are not directly equivalent, as they are governed by different standards and specifications. ASTM A325 bolts are high-strength structural bolts typically used in steel construction, while DIN 931 refers to standard hexagon head bolts that may not necessarily meet the same strength and design criteria. It is important to consider the specific requirements of your application when selecting bolts, including strength, material, and intended use. Always consult relevant engineering guidelines or specifications for precise equivalency.
A squirter washer eliminates the need for a torque multiplier and torque wrench on structural A325 bolt connections. The indicator function of a squirter washer tells you that the optimal torque for a particular diameter bolt has been met. The second and even more practical function is so that during a visual inspection of the bolt, should vibration or wear cause the nut or bolt to come loose, the indicators retract into the washer, making inspection of a bolted connection a VISUAL, instead of a labor intensive torque check. These washers are in use in the construction and bridge building industry.
Torque on a bolt places the bolt in Tension. The stresses are tensile stresses. There can also be torsional stress in the bolt, which is detrimental. That is minimized by lubricating the threads first, with anti-seize, thread locker (before cure), or surface treatment of the threads. In some cases, it is standard practice to back off nuts slightly after torquing to relieve the torsional stress.
I would say because there has to be a standard method of installing flanges that everyone needs to follow. For the simple reason when installing or replacing items such as valves with welded or otherwise fixed flanges, if there was no standard the replacement valve would be 1/8 of a turn or 45 degrees off center if the piping flange bolt holes were on the verticle and the valve flange bolt holes were not. This would be in the case of 4 or 8 bolt flanges.Also in the case of non flanged valves where long bolts pass thru both flanges and squeeze the valve to make the seal a vertically placed bolt hole would interfere with the valve operator or handle preventing the valve from being mounted straight up, down or horizontally.
Torque is related to friction and diameter. torque usually is done to achieve a preload stress in the bolt of 50% of its ultimate strength For unlubricatd bolts, T= 0.2DP where D = diamter and P = bolt preload and T = torque Bolt preload stress = P/A where A is stress area of bolt #12 = 0.216 inch diameter, A = 0.024 For standard steel bolts of 80,000 psi strength, P = 1920/2 = 960 pounds T = 41 inch pounds For high strength bolts of 160,000 psi strength, T = 82 inch pounds If bolts are lubricated, use T = 0.15DP T = 31 in lbs standard and 62 inch pounds high strength
These are standard metric screw/bolt sizes. You should be able to find them at a local Hardware Store. Such hardware is also available online.
439, 931,933 and 934 are equivalent to ASTM 325 bolts in DIN standards. 439 is another bolt equivalent to a 325.
M20 -bolt, what is the torque value M24 M24
Heavy hex head has a larger bearing surface. For example a 1" heavy bolt 1-5/8" dimension across the flats. A finish hex bolt is 1-1/2". This creates a strong fastener. This is one reason many high strength structural bolts like ASTM A325 and A490 are specified a heavy hex pattern. The head thickness is identical for both bolts. These bolts are often found in industrial and steel connection situations. The stronger design is critical.
HRC 23-34 According to ASTM F568M (1996)
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The standard diameter of an M3 bolt is 3 millimeters.
The standard diameter of an M4 bolt is 4 millimeters.
A bolt is not a standard object.
The standard size of a bike crank bolt is typically 14mm.
The crank bolt size for a standard bicycle crankset is typically 14mm.
The standard bike seat clamp bolt size is typically 5mm.
The standard bicycle crank bolt size for most bikes is 14mm.