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A: There is no calculation involved it is specified by the manufacture as a level +/- volts or even current
SNR = Signal Power / Noise Power, which is an indication of how well a receiver can distinquish a signal from random noise (non signal). The Noise margin is the measure in Db of how much better the SNR is than the SNR required for proper operation of a receiver. To a user this may be more valuable information, since the user may not know what an acceptable SNR is for his equipment.
Digital Electronics deals with logic 1 and logic 0, where logic 1 is represented by one voltage and logic is represented by another voltage.(ie. it is a discrete representaiton of analog signals). The main advantage of digital signals over analog signal is that it is less prone to noise.
Fully restored logic refers to a design approach in digital circuits where the output levels are restored to a defined standard after processing, ensuring minimal power dissipation and noise margins. In the context of an inverter, this means that the inverter not only inverts the input signal but also provides a clean output with full voltage levels corresponding to the logical states (high and low). This restoration enhances signal integrity and reliability, especially in complex circuits where multiple logic gates are interconnected. Thus, fully restored logic ensures that the inverter contributes to stable and efficient circuit operation.
A: With positive feedback the amplifier is saturated one way or the other in a quiescent state no signal or noise input can effects its output