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Andrew was happy to get his prosthetic leg
Nothing. Just a different way of saying it. Not true. There is the slight but significant aspect of grammar: prosthetic is an adjective, while prosthesis (plural: prostheses) is a noun. So you can say "she's had a prosthesis fitted on her leg" or she's got a prosthetic limb".
Pretty much any part of the human body that is either assisted or replaced by a mechanical equivalent. Like a prosthetic leg or hand, or even a pacemaker.
Prosthetic legs
The sensors that an engineer puts on a robot are entirely dependent upon the functions that the engineer perceives that the the robot will be called upon to perform. Some, but not all, of the sensors may be: proximity sensors, pressure sensors, light sensors, magnetic sensors, a camera, temperature sensors, accelerometer, speed sensor... The question isn't, "what sensors does a robot have", but rather, "what sensors does the engineer think that the robot should have?"