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Tension and Compression
There are different forces on a materials such as Compression and Tension. Compression is pushing a material together. Tension is pulling a material apart. Concrete has good strength in Compression, but is weak in Tension. The steel reinforcement improves the resistance to tension of the concrete.
If you load it normal to the beam axis you get bending stresses ( tension and compression) and shear stresses. If you load it along the axis you get axial stress ( tension or compression)
The materials used to build skyscrapers are strong materials that can withstand a great tension and compression. Early days the skyscrapers are usually made by iron frame but now it uses lighter and stronger metal, steels.
This will cause the beam to bend. You need to see the beam like a stack of spaghetti. Extended spagghettis are in tension Shortened spaghettis are in compression (equals signs represent the beam, dots represent air) If it bends like this, it is tension on top, compression below ........=============....... ..===............................===.. =.........................................= If it bends like this, it is compression on top, tension bottom =.........................................= ..===............................===.. ........=============........