Commercially known as Freon 14, the chemical tetrafluoromethane is made up of 4 (hence the tetra-) fluoride atoms bonded to 1 carbon atom. The simple form is CF4. The methane portion refers to CH4,and in this case, the fluoride takes the place of the hydrogen atoms.
Carbon does form chains, as can be seen in carbohydrates. In fact, the simplest carbon chain, ethane, is C2H4.
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Yes, freon can indeed cause corrosion. Freon leaks in vehicles can corrode surrounding parts and components in the car over time.
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Freon is another commonly used name for refrigerant, which can include R22, R410, and R12. The price per pound depends on which type, and should be only installed or sold by a certified technician. In most countries, the release or use of refrigerant by uncertified individuals is illegal.
Releasing Freon into the atmosphere is a Federal crime. Leave it alone as there is no need to release the R-12. Just remove the A/C belt if it only drives the A/C. If it drives other components, just remove the fuse. If you insist, then take the car to an A/C shop or your dealer and have them remove the Freon with the proper recovery equipment. You may even be able to sell it to them due to the extremely high price of Freon.