Fuses or circuit breakers are termed 'overcurrent protection devices', which protect circuits from either an overload current or a short-circuit current.
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Several different devices can be used for this - a fuse, or a resettable device like a breaker. These might be called "fault detectors", although not all overload is a result of a fault.
A circuit carrying current in one direction is called a direct current (DC) circuit. In a DC circuit, the flow of electric charge is constant and does not change direction. This is in contrast to an alternating current (AC) circuit, where the flow of electric charge changes direction periodically. DC circuits are commonly used in electronics and power transmission systems.
It is called a series circuit.
A circuit that has more than one path for the current to flow is a parallel circuit. The circuit must have two or more paths to be considered parallel. A circuit that has only one current path through multiple components is a series circuit.
A voltage error circuit is called an error amplifier and happens when there are discrepancies between the voltage output and the reference voltage. A current error circuit happens when there is a disruption of flow in an ammeter.
The flow in a circuit is called the electric current and it is measured by voltages. The number of volts that are present in the charge will determine the strength of the electric current.