standard direction of rotation of an induction motor is counterclockwise when looking from the front end i.e. non-driving end of the motor.
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the voltage tolerance of a standard electric motor is
The answer to that question is entirely dependent on the motor. Many motors have an access plate where the power feeds into the motor. Removing that plate often reveals a wiring diagram that shows how to change the wiring to reverse the motor direction. But most AC electric motors do not provide the option of reversing direction.
the magnitude is decided by the amount of flux, number of conductors, speed of the motor and the type of the winding used. the polarity is decided by the direction of rotation of the motor and the direction of armature current flowing in the motor.
A single phase induction motor is not self starting; thus, it is necessary to provide a starting circuit and associated start windings to give the initial rotation in a single phase induction motor. The normal running windings within such a motor can cause the rotor to turn in either direction, so the starting circuit determines the operating direction.
If you're talking about an electric motor, increasing the frequency will increase the speed of rotation of the motor, and decreasing the frequency will decrease the speed of rotation of the motor. The other way of controlling a motor is to control the current; increasing the current increases speed, decreasing current decreases speed.