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The main pollution from carbon-based fuel is carbon dioxide, also called CO2, which is the product of burning a hydrocarbon fuel like coal, oil or gas, with oxygen taken from the air. Uniting carbon with oxygen produces CO2, and releases energy as heat which is used to drive a heat-engine (a gasoline or diesel engine or a gas turbine, or a steam turbine for which the fuel is used to produce steam from water as an intermediary).

Among the carbon fuels, gas is said to be less polluting because the atom is lighter and thus less CO2 is produced for a given amount of energy output.

Hydrogen is less polluting as a fuel because its product, after burning with oxygen, is only water vapour, which is a greenhouse gas but excess water vapour falls as rain. However hydrogen is mainly produced from water in which the hydrogen and oxygen are separated by adding energy by electrolysis. Thus hydrogen is only a means of storing energy because the same energy is then released by the burning process.

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Q: Which fuels are less polluting and why?
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