Mare is the Latin word that means sea; the plural is maria
Typically the word "lunar" is used to refer to the Moon, from the Latin "Luna" for Moon. (Also the source for "lunatic", someone who has been driven crazy from staring at the Moon.)
The adjective solar (based on the Latin word Sol) is used for both the Sun and for the radiation (light, heat) that it produces. (Similarly, the word lunar is used for the Moon, from the Latin name Luna).
The Latin name "lupus" is used to refer to the animal species known as the wolf.
The abbreviation cf is an English term, not Latin. It comes from the Latin word confero, meaning "I consult, refer to, match with".It is used in modern English literature to refer the reader to some other literary source.
The general scientific name used for these today is "Lunar maria", which is Latin-ish for "moon seas". Smaller similar features have traditional names that include terms like "Sinus" (bay), "Lacus" (lake), or "Palus" (marsh) rather than "Mare" (sea). There's also one (Oceanus Procellarum) whose name means "Ocean of Storms". However, the general term is "maria" (Latin plurals are kind of weird).
Seas. Often the latin 'mare' is used, it is pronounced as two syllables.
"Conditor" in Latin means "creator" or "founder." It is often used to refer to God as the creator of the universe.
"Mare Ignotum" is Latin for "unknown sea." It is often used to refer to areas on maps that are unexplored or unidentified.
No. Their language is Latin based. Latin is also used by the Catholic Church but only because it goes back to when Latin was the main language.
"Caput" is Latin for "head." It is used in medical terminology to refer to the top or beginning of a structure, such as the head of a bone or the beginning of a nerve.
The abbreviation "dict." is derived from the Latin word "dictum," which means "something that is said." It is commonly used in English to refer to a dictionary or a definition.