Fairness is subjective and depends upon your definition and what is being tested. Goals of tests can vary according to what outcome is desired - problem solving capabilities, learned knowledge retention, street smarts, physical strength, ability to work under pressure, specialized skill sets, etc.
One way you could ensure a test is fair would be to make certain that everyone taking the test had the same opportunities to learn what is being tested. Even then, you can get into the debate of which teachers, schools, or training programs taught the subject better.
The purpose of testing is to expose weaknesses - either to select the best or to determine where improvements could be made - and that will be 'unfair' to someone.
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