Why are advanced countries relocating the toxic and hazardous industries to developing countries?

Industrial policy of 1991 in India?

STATEMENT ON INDUSTRIAL POLICYNew Delhi, July 24, 1991.POLICY OBJECTIVESPandit Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundations of modern India. His vision and determination have left a lasting impression on every facet of national endeavour since Independence. It is due to his initiative that India now has a strong and diversified industrial base and is a major industrial nation of the world. The goals and objectives set out for the nation by Pandit Nehru on the eve of Independence, namely, the rapid agricultural and industrial development of our country, rapid expansion of opportunities for gainful employment, progressive reduction of social and economic disparities, removal of poverty and attainment of self-reliance remain as valid today as at the time Pandit Nehru first set them out before the nation. Any industrial policy must contribute to the realisation of these goals and objectives at an accelerated pace. The present statement of industrial policy is inspired by these very concerns, and represents a renewed initiative towards consolidating the gains of national reconstruction at this crucial stage.2. In 1948, immediately after Independence, Government introduced the Industrial Policy Resolution. This outlined the approach to industrial growth and development. It emphasised the importance to the economy of securing a continuous increase in production and ensuring its equitable distribution. After the adoption of the Constitution and the socio-economic goals, the Industrial Policy was comprehensively revised and adopted in 1956. To meet new challenges, from time to time, it was modified through statements in 1973, 1977 and 1980.3. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 was followed by the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 which had as its objective the acceleration of the rate of economic growth and the speeding up of industrialisation as a means of achieving a socialist pattern of society. In 1956, capital was scarce and the base of entrepreneurship not strong enough. Hence, the 1956 Industrial Policy Resolution gave primacy to the role of the State to assume a predominant and direct responsibility for industrial development.4. The Industrial Policy statement of 1973, inter alia, identified high-priority industries where investment from large industrial houses and foreign companies would be permitted.5. The Industrial Policy Statement of 1977 laid emphasis on decentralisation and on the role of small-scale, tiny and cottage industries.6. The Industrial Policy Statement of 1980 focused attention on the need for promoting competition in the domestic market, technological upgradation and modernisation. The policy laid the foundation for an increasingly competitive export based and for encouraging foreign investment in high-technology areas. This found expression in the Sixth Five Year Plan which bore the distinct stamp of Smt. Indira Gandhi. It was Smt. Indira Gandhi who emphasised the need for productivity to be the central concern in all economic and production activities.7. These policies created a climate for rapid industrial growth in the country. Thus on the eve of the Seventh Five Year Plan, a broad-based infrastructure had been built up. Basic industries had been established. A high degree of self-reliance in a large number of items - raw materials, intermediates, finished goods - had been achieved. New growth centres of industrial activity had emerged, as had a new generation of entrepreneurs. A large number of engineers, technicians and skilled workers had also been trained.8. The Seventh Plan recognised the need to consolidate on these strengths and to take initiatives to prepare Indian industry to respond effectively to the emerging challenges. A number of policy and procedural changes were introduced in 1985 and 1986 under the leadership of Shri Rajiv Gandhi aimed at increasing productivity, reducing costs and improving quality. The accent was on opening the domestic market to increased competition and readying our industry to stand on its own in the face of international competition. The public sector was freed from a number of constraints and given a larger measure of autonomy. The technological and managerial modernisation of industry was pursued as the key instrument for increasing productivity and improving our competitiveness in the world. The net result of all these changes was that Indian industry grew by an impressive average annual growth rate of 8.5% in the Seventh Plan period.9. Government is pledged to launching a reinvigorated struggle for social and economic justice, to end poverty and unemployment and to build a modern, democratic, socialist, prosperous and forward-looking India. Such a society can be built if India grows as part of the world economy and not in isolation.10. While Government will continue to follow the policy of self-reliance, there would be greater emphasis placed on building up our ability to pay for imports through our own foreign exchange earnings. Government is also committed to development and utilisation of indigenous capabilities in technology and manufacturing as well as its upgradation to world standards.11. Government will continue to pursue a sound policy framework encompassing encouragement of entrepreneurship, development of indigenous technology through investment in research and development, bringing in new technology, dismantling of the regulatory system, development of the capital markets and increasing competitiveness for the benefit of the common man. The spread of industrialisation to backward areas of the country will be actively promoted through appropriate incentives, institutions and infrastructure investments.12. Government will provide enhanced support to the small-scale sector so that it flourishes in an environment of economic efficiency and continuous technological upgradation.13. Foreign investment and technology collaboration will be welcomed to obtain higher technology, to increase exports and to expand the production base.14. Government will endeavour to abolish the monopoly of any sector or any individual enterprise in any field of manufacture, except on strategic or militaryconsiderations and open all manufacturing activity to competition.15. The Government will ensure that the public sector plays its rightful role in the evolving socio-economic scenario of the country. Government will ensure that the public sector is run on business lines as envisaged in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 and would continue to innovate and lead in strategic areas of national importance. In the 1950s and 1960s, the principal instrument for controlling the commanding heights of the economy was investment in the capital of key industries. Today, the State has other instruments of intervention, particularly fiscal and monetary instruments. The State also commands the bulk of the nation's savings. Banks and financial institutions are under State control. Where State intervention is necessary, these instruments will prove more effective and decisive.16. Government will fully protect the interests of labour, enhance their welfare and equip them in all respects to deal with the inevitability of technological change. Government believes that no small section of society can corner the gains of growth, leaving workers to bear its pains. Labour will be made an equal partner in progress and prosperity. Workers' participation in management will be promoted. Workers cooperatives will be encouraged to participate in packages designed to turn around sick companies. Intensive training, skill development and upgradation programmes will be launched.17. Government will continue to visualise new horizons. The major objectives of the new industrial policy package will be to build on the gains already made, correct the distortions or weaknesses that may have crept in, maintain a sustained growth in productivity and gainful employment and attain international competitiveness. The pursuit of these objectives will be tempered by the need to preserve the environment and ensure the efficient use of available resources. All sector of industry whether small, medium or large, belonging to the public, private or cooperative sector will be encouraged to grow and improve on their past performance.18. Government's policy will be continuity with change.19. In pursuit of the above objectives, Government have decided to take a series of initiatives in respect of the policies relating to the following areas.A. Industrial Licensing.B. Foreign InvestmentC. Foreign Technology Agreements.D. Public Sector PolicyE. MRTP Act.A package for the Small and Tiny Sectors of industry is being announced separately.A. INDUSTRIAL LICENSING POLICY20. Industrial Licensing is governed by the Industries (Development & Regulation) Act, 1951. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 identified the following three categories of industries: those that would be reserved for development in public sector, those that would be permitted for development through private enterprise with or without State participation, and those in which investment initiatives would ordinarily emanate from private entrepreneurs. Over the years, keeping in view the changing industrial scene in the country, the policy has undergone modifications. Industrial licensing policy and procedures have also been liberalised from time to time. A full realisation of the industrial potential of the country calls for a continuation of this process of change.21. In order to achieve the objectives of the strategy for the industrial sector for the 1990s and beyond it is necessary to make a number of changes in the system of industrial approvals. Major policy initiatives and procedural reforms are called for in order to actively encourage and assist Indian entrepreneurs to exploit and meet the emerging domestic and global opportunities and challenges. The bedrock of any such package of measures must be to let the entrepreneurs make investment decisions on the basis of their own commercial judgment. The attainment of technological dynamism and international competitiveness requires that enterprises must be enabled to swiftly respond to fast changing external conditions that have become characteristic of today's industrial world. Government policy and procedures must be geared to assisting entrepreneurs in their efforts. This can be done only if the role played by the government were to be changed from that of only exercising control to one of providing help and guidance by making essential procedures fully transparent and by eliminating delays.22. The winds of change have been with us for some time. The industrial licensing system has been gradually moving away from the concept of capacity licensing. The system of reservations for public sector undertakings has been evolving towards an ethos of greater flexibility and private sector enterprise has been gradually allowed to enter into many of these areas on a case by case basis. Further impetus must be provided to these changes which alone can push this country towards the attainment of its entrepreneurial and industrial potential. This calls for bold and imaginative decisions designed to remove restraints on capacity creation, while at the same, ensuring that over-riding national interests are not jeopardised.23. In the above context, industrial licensing will henceforth be abolished for all industries, except those specified, irrespective of levels of investment. These specified industries (Annex-II), will continue to be subject to compulsory licensing for reasons related to security and strategic concerns, social reasons, problems related to safety and over-riding environmental issues, manufacture of products of hazardous nature and articles of elitist consumption. The exemption from licensing will be particularly helpful to the many dynamic small and medium entrepreneurs who have been unnecessarily hampered by the licensing system. As a whole the Indian economy will benefit by becoming more competitive, more efficient and modern and will take its rightful place in the world of industrial progress.B. FOREIGN INVESTMENT24. While freeing Indian industry from official controls, opportunities for promoting foreign investments in India should also be fully exploited. In view of the significant development of India's industrial economy in the last 40 years, the general resilience, size and level of sophistication achieved, and the significant changes that have also taken place in the world industrial economy, the relationship between domestic and foreign industry needs to be much more dynamic than it has been in the past in terms of both technology and investment. Foreign investment would bring attendant advantages of technology transfer, marketing expertise, introduction of modern managerial techniques and new possibilities for promotion of exports. This is particularly necessary in the changing global scenario of industrial and economic cooperation marked by mobility of capital. The government will therefore welcome foreign investment which is in the interest of the country's industrial development.25. In order to invite foreign investment in high priority industries, requiring large investments and advanced technology, it has been decided to provide approval for direct foreign investment upto 51% foreign equity in such industries. There shall be no bottlenecks of any kind in this process. This group of industries has generally been known as the "Appendix I Industries" and are areas in which FERA companies have already been allowed to invest on a discretionary basis. This change will go a long way in making Indian policy on foreign investment transparent. Such a framework will make it attractive for companies abroad to invest in India.26. Promotion of exports of Indian products calls for a systematic exploration of world markets possible only through intensive and highly professional marketing activities. To the extent that expertise of this nature is not well developed so far in India, Government will encourage foreign trading companies to assist us in our export activities. Attraction of substantial investment and access to high technology, often closely held, and to world markets, involves interaction with some of the world's largest international manufacturing and marketing firms. The Government will appoint a special board to negotiate with such firms so that we can engage in purposive negotiation with such large firms, and provide the avenues for large investments in the development of industries and technology in the national interest.C. FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENT27. There is a great need for promoting an industrial environment where the acquisition of technological capability receives priority. In the fast changing world of technology the relationship between the suppliers and users of technology must be a continuous one. Such a relationship becomes difficult to achieve when the approval process includes unnecessary governmental interference on a case to case basis involving endemic delays and fostering uncertainty. The Indian entrepreneur has now come of age so that he no longer needs such bureaucratic clearances of his commercial technology relationships with foreign technology suppliers. Indian industry can scarcely be competitive with the rest of the world if it is to operate within such a regulatory environment.28. With a view to injecting the desired level of technological dynamism in Indian industry, Government will provide automatic approval for technology agreement related to high priority industries within specified parameters. Similar facilities will be available for other industries as well if such agreements do not require the expenditure of free exchange. Indian companies will be free to negotiate the terms of technology transfer with their foreign counterparts according to their own commercial judgment. The predictability and independence of action that this measure is providing to Indian industry will induce them to develop indigenous competence for the efficient absorption of foreign technology. Greater competitive pressure will also induce our industry to invest much more in research and development and they have been doing in the past. In order to help this process, the hiring of foreign technicians and foreign testing of indigenously developed technologies, will also not require prior clearance as prescribed so far, individually or as a part of industrial or investment approvals.D. PUBLIC SECTOR POLICY29. The public sector has been central to our philosophy of development. In the pursuit of our development objectives, public ownership and control in critical sector of the economy has played an important role in preventing the concentration of economic power, reducing regional disparities and ensuring that planned development serves the common good.30. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 gave the public sector a strategic role in the economy. Massive investments have been made over the past four decades to build a public sector which has a commanding role in the economy. Today key sectors of the economy are dominated by mature public enterprises that have successfully expanded production, opened up new areas of technology and built up a reserve of technical competence in a number of areas.31. After the initial exuberance of the public sector entering new areas of industrial and technical competence, a number of problems have begun to manifest themselves in many of the public enterprises. Serious problems are observed in the insufficient growth in productivity, poor project management, over-manning, lack of continuous technological upgradation, and inadequate attention to R&D and human resource development. In addition, public enterprises have shown a very low rate of return on the capital invested. This has inhibited their ability to re-generate themselves in terms of new investments as well as in technology development. The result is that many of the public enterprises have become a burden rather than being an asset to the Government. The original concept of the public sector has also undergone considerable dilution. The most striking example is the take over of sick units from the private sector. This category of public sector units accounts for almost one third of the total losses of central public enterprises. Another category of public enterprises, which does not fit into the original idea of the public sector being at the commanding heights of the economy, is the plethora of public enterprises which are in the consumer goods and services sectors.32. It is time therefore that the Government adopt a new approach to public enterprises. There must be a greater commitment to the support of public enterprises which are essential for the operation of the industrial economy. Measures must be taken to make these enterprises more growth oriented and technically dynamic. Units which may be faltering at present but are potentially viable must be restructured and given a new lease of life. The priority areas for growth of public enterprises in the future will be the following.· Essential infrastructure goods and services.· Exploration and exploitation of oil and mineral resources.· Technology development and building of manufacturing capabilities in areas which are crucial in the long term development of the economy and where private sector investment is inadequate.· Manufacture of products where strategic considerations predominate such as defence equipment.At the same time the public sector will not be barred from entering areas not specifically reserved for it.33. In view of these considerations, Government will review the existing portfolio of public investments with greater realism. This review will be in respect of industries based on low technology, small scale and non-strategic areas, inefficient and unproductive areas, areas with low or nil social considerations or public purpose, and areas where the private sector has developed sufficient expertise and resources.34. Government will strengthen those public enterprises which fall in the reserved areas of operation or are in high priority areas or are generating good or reasonable profits. Such enterprises will be provided a much greater degree of management autonomy through the system of memoranda of understanding. Competition will also be induced in these areas by inviting private sector participation. In the case of selected enterprises, part of Government holdings in the equity share capital of these enterprises will be disinvested in order to provide further market discipline to the performance of public enterprises. There are a large number of chronically sick public enterprises incurring heavy losses, operating in a competitive market and serve little or no public purpose. These need to be attended to. The country must be proud of the public sector that it owns and it must operate in the public interest.E. MONOPOLIES AND RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT (MRTP ACT)35. The principal objectives sought to be achieved through the MRTP Act are as follows:i. Prevention of concentration of economic power to the common detriment, control of monopolies, andii. Prohibition of monopolistic and restrictive and unfair trade practices.36. The MRTP Act became effective in June 1970. With the emphasis placed on productivity in the Sixth Plan, major amendments to the MRTP Act were carried out in 1982 and 1984 in order to remove impediments to industrial growth and expansion. This process of change was given a new momentum in 1985 by an increase of threshold limit of assets.37. With the growing complexity of industrial structure and the need for achieving economies of scale for ensuring high productivity and competitive advantage in the international market, the interference of the Government through the MRTP Act in investment decisions of large companies has become deleterious in its effects on Indian industrial growth. The pre-entry scrutiny of investment decisions by so called MRTP companies will no longer be required. Instead, emphasis will be on controlling and regulating monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade practices rather than making it necessary for the monopoly house to obtain prior approval of Central Government for expansion, establishment of new undertakings, merger, amalgamation and takeover and appointment of certain directors. The thrust of policy will be more on controlling unfair or restrictive business practices. The MRTP Act will be restructured by eliminating the legal requirement for prior governmental approval for expansion of present undertakings and establishment of new undertakings. The provisions relating to merger, amalgamation, and takeover will also be repealed. Similarly, the provisions regarding restrictions on acquisition of and transfer of shares will be appropriately incorporated in the Companies Act.38. Simultaneously, provisions of the MRTP Act will be strengthened in order to enable the MRTP Commission to take appropriate action in respect of the monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade practices. The newly empowered MRTP Commission will be encouraged to require investigation suo moto or on complaints received from individual consumers or classes of consumers.F. DECISIONS OF GOVERNMENT39. In view of the considerations outlined above Government have decided to take a series of measures to unshackle the Indian industrial economy from the cobwebs of unnecessary bureaucratic control. These measures complement the other series of measures being taken by Government in the areas of trade policy, exchange rate management, fiscal policy, financial sector reform and overall macro economic management.A. Industrial Licensing Policyi. Industrial licensing will be abolished for all projects except for a short list of industries related to security and strategic concerns, social reasons, hazardous chemicals and overriding environmental reasons, and items of elitist consumption (list attached as Annex II). Industries reserved for the small scale sector will continue to be so reserved.ii. Areas where security and strategic concerns predominate, will continue to be reserved for the public sector (list attached as Annex I).iii. In projects where imported capital goods are required, automatic clearance will be givena. in cases where foreign exchange availability is ensured through foreign equityorb. if the CIF value of imported capital goods required is less than 25% of total value (net of taxes) of plant and equipment, upto a maximum value of Rs. 2 crore. In view of the current difficult foreign exchange situation, this scheme (i.e. (iii) b) will come into force from April, 1992.In other cases, imports of capital goods will require clearance from the Secretariat for Industrial Approvals (SIA) in the Department of Industrial Development according to availability of foreign exchange resources.iv. In locations other than cities of more than 1 million population, there will be no requirement of obtaining industrial approvals from the Central Government except for industries subject to compulsory licensing. In respect of cities with population greater than 1 million, industries other than those of a non polluting nature such as electronics, computer software and printing will be located outside 25 kms. of the periphery, except in prior designated industrial areas. A flexible location policy would be adopted in respect of such cities (with population greater than 1 million) which require industrial re-generation. Zoning and Land Use Regulation and Environmental Legislation will continue to regulate industrial locations. Appropriate incentives and the design of investments in infrastructure development will be used to promote the dispersal of industry particularly to rural and backward areas and to reduce congestion in cities.v. The system of phased manufacturing programmes run on an administrative case by case basis will be applicable to new projects. Existing projects with such programmes will continue to be governed by them.vi. Existing units will be provided a new broad banding facility to enable them to produce any article without additional investment.vii. The exemption from licensing will apply to all substantial expansions of existing units.viii. The mandatory convertibility clause will no longer be applicable for term loans from the financial institutions for new projects.Procedural consequencesix. All existing registration schemes (Delicensed Registration, Exempted Industries Registration, DGTD registration) will be abolished.x. Entrepreneurs will henceforth only be required to file an information memorandum on new projects and substantial expansions.xi. The lists at Annex II and Annex III will be notified in the Indian Trade Classification (Harmonised System).B. Foreign Investmenti. Approval will be given for direct foreign investment upto 51 percent foreign equity in high priority industries (Annex III). There shall be no bottlenecks of any kind in this process. Such clearance will be available if foreign equity covers the foreign exchange requirement for imported capital goods. Consequential amendments to the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (1973) shall be carried out.ii. While the import of components, raw materials and intermediate goods, and payment of knowhow fees and royalties will be governed by the general policy applicable to other domestic units, the payment of dividends would be monitored through the Reserve Bank of India so as to ensure that outflows on account of dividend payments are balanced by export earnings over a period of time.iii. Other foreign equity proposals, including proposals involving 51% foreign equity which do not meet the criteria under (I) above, will continue to need prior clearance. Foreign equity proposals need not necessarily be accompanied by foreign technology agreements.iv. To provide access to international markets, majority foreign equity holding upto 51% equity will be allowed for trading companies primarily engaged in export activities. While the thrust would be on export activities, such trading houses shall be at par with domestic trading and export houses in accordance with the Import Export Policy.v. A special Empowered Board would be constituted to negotiate with a number of large international firms and approve direct foreign investment in select areas. This would be a special programme to attract substantial investment that would provide access to high technology and world markets. The investment programmes of such firms would be considered in totality, free from pre-determined parameters or procedures.C. Foreign Technology Agreementsi. Automatic permission will be given for foreign technology agreements in high priority industries (Annex III) upto a lumpsum payment of Rs. 1 crore, 5% royalty for domestic sales and 8% for exports, subject to total payment of 8% of sales over a 10 year period from date of agreement or 7 years from commencement of production. The prescribed royalty rates are net of taxes and will be calculated according to standard procedures.ii. In respect of industries other than those in Annex III, automatic permission will be given subject to the same guidelines as above if no free foreign exchange is required for any payments.iii. All other proposals will need specific approval under the general procedures in force.iv. No permission will be necessary for hiring of foreign technicians, foreign testing of indigenously developed technologies. Payment may be made from blanket permits or free foreign exchange according to RBI guidelines.D. Public Sectori. Portfolio of public sector investments will be reviewed with a view to focus the public sector on strategic, high-tech and essential infrastructure. Whereas some reservation for the public sector is being retained there would be no bar for areas of exclusivity to be opened up to the private sector selectively. Similarly the public sector will also be allowed entry in areas not reserved for it.ii. Public enterprises which are chronically sick and which are unlikely to be turned around will, for the formulation of revival/rehabilitation schemes, be referred to the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR), or other similar high level institutions created for the purpose. A social security mechanism will be created to protect the interests of workers likely to be affected by such rehabilitation packages.iii. In order to raise resources and encourage wider public participation, a part of the government's shareholding in the public sector would be offered to mutual funds, financial institutions, general public and workers.iv. Boards of public sector companies would be made more professional and given greater powers.v. There will be a greater thrust on performance improvement through the Memoranda of understanding (MOU) systems through which managements would be granted greater autonomy and will be held accountable. Technical expertise on the part of the Government would be upgraded to make the MOU negotiations and implementation more effective.vi. To facilitate a fuller discussion on performance, the MOU signed between Government and the public enterprise would be placed in Parliament. While focussing on major management issues, this would also help place matters on day to day operations of public enterprises in their correct perspective.E. MRTP Acti. The MRTP Act will be amended to remove the threshold limits of assets in respect of MRTP companies and dominant undertakings. This eliminates the requirement of prior approval of Central Government for establishment of new undertakings, expansion of undertakings, merger, amalgamation and takeover and appointment of Directors under certain circumstances.ii. Emphasis will be placed on controlling and regulating monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade practices. Simultaneously, the newly empowered MRTP Commission will be authorised to initiative investigations suo moto or on complaints received from individual consumers or classes of consumers in regard to monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade practices.iii. Necessary comprehensive amendments will be made in the MRTP Act in this regard and for enabling the MRTP Commission to exercise punitive and compensatory powers.ANNEX IPROPOSED LIST OF INDUSTRIES TO BE RESERVED FOR THEPUBLIC SECTOR1. Arms and ammunition and allied items of defence equipment, Defence aircraft and warships.2. Atomic Energy.3. Coal and lignite.4. Mineral oils.5. Mining if iron ore, manganese ore, chrome ore, gypsum, sulphur, gold and diamond.6. Mining of copper, lead, zinc, tin, molybdenum and wolfram.7. Minerals specified in the Schedule to the Atomic Energy (Control of Production and Use) Order, 1953.8. Railway transport.ANNEX IILIST OF INDUSTRIES IN RESPECT OF WHICH INDUSTRIAL LICENSING WILL BE COMPULSORY1. Coal and Lignite.2. Petroleum (other than crude) and its distillation products.3. Distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks.4. Sugar.5. Animal fats and oils.6. Cigars and cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes.7. Asbestos and asbestos-based products.8. Plywood, decorative veneers, and other wood based products such as particle board, medium density fibre board, block board.9. Raw hides and skins, leather, chamois leather and patent leather.10. Tanned or dressed furskins.11. Motor cars.12. Paper and Newsprint except bagasse-based units.13. Electronic aerospace and defence equipment; All types.14. Industrial explosives, including detonating fuse, safety fuse, gun powder, nitrocellulose and matches.15. Hazardous chemicals.16. Drugs and Pharmaceuticals (according to Drug Policy).17. Entertainment electronics (VCRs, colour TVs, C.D. Players, Tape Recorders).18. White Goods (Domestic Refrigerators, Domestic Dishwashing machines, Programmable Domestic Washing Machines, Microwave ovens, Airconditioners).Note: The compulsory licensing provisions would not apply in respect of the small-scale units taking up the manufacture of any of the above items reserved for exclusive manufacture in small scale sector.ANNEX IIILIST OF INDUSTRIES FOR AUTOMATIC APPROVAL OFFOREIGN TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENTS AND FOR51% FOREIGN EQUITY APPROVALS1. Metallurgical Industriesi. Ferro alloys.ii. Castings and forgings.iii. Non-ferrous metals and their alloys.iv. Sponge iron and pelletisation.v. Large diameter steel welded pipes of over 300 mm diameter and stainless steel pipes.vi. Pig iron.2. Boilers and Steam Generating Plants3. Prime Movers (other than electrical generators)i. Industrial turbines.ii. Internal combustion engines.iii. Alternate energy systems like solar wind etc. and equipment therefor.iv. Gas/hydro/steam turbines upto 60 MW.4. Electrical Equipmenti. Equipment for transmission and distribution of electricity including power and distribution transformers, power relays, HT-switch gear synchronous condensers.ii. Electrical motors.iii. Electrical furnaces, industrial furnaces and induction heating equipment.iv. X-ray equipment.v. Electronic equipment, components including subscribers' end telecommunication equipments.vi. Component wires for manufacture of lead-in wires.vii. Hydro/steam/gas generators/generating sets upto 60 MW.viii. Generating sets and pumping sets based on internal combustion engines.ix. Jelly-filled telecommunication cables.x. Optic fibre.xi. Energy efficient lamps andxii. Midget carbon electrodes.5. Transportationi. Mechanised sailing vessels upto 10,000 DWT including fishing trawlers.ii. Ship ancillaries.iii. (a) Commercial vehicles, public transport vehicles including automotive commercial three wheeler jeep type vehicles, industrial locomotives.(b) Automotive two wheelers and three wheelers.(c) Automotive components/spares and ancillaries.iv. Shock absorbers for railway equipment andv. Brake system for railway stock and locomotives.6. Industrial Machineryi. Industrial machinery and equipment.7. i. Machine tools and industrial robots and their controls and accessories.ii. Jigs, fixtures, tools and dies of specilised types and cross land tooling, andiii. Engineering production aids such as cutting and forming tools, patterns and dies and tools.8. Agricultural Machineryi. Tractors.ii. Self-propelled Harvestor Combines.iii. Rice transplanters.9. Earth Moving Machineryi. Earth moving machinery and construction machinery and components thereof.10. Industrial Instrumentsi. Indicating, recording and regulating devices for pressures, temperatures, rate of flow weights levels and the like.11. Scientific and Electromedical Instruments and Laboratory Equipment.12. Nitrogenous & Phosphatic Fertilizers falling underi. Inorganic fertilizers under '18-Fertilizers' in the First Schedule to IDR Act, 1951.13. Chemicals (other than fertilizers).i. Heavy organic chemicals including petrochemicals.ii. Heavy inorganic chemicals.iii. Organic fine chemicals.iv. Synthetic resins and plastics.v. Man made fibres.vi. Synthetic rubber.vii. Industrial explosives.viii. Technical grade insecticides, fungicides, weedicides, and the like.ix. Synthetic detergentsx. Miscellaneous chemicals (for industrial use only)a. Catalysts and catalyst supports.b. Photographic chemicals.c. Rubber chemicals.d. Polyols.e. Isocyanates, urethanes, etc.f. Speciality chemicals for enhanced oil recovery.g. Heating fluids.h. Coal tar distillation and product therefrom.i. Tonnage plants for the manufacture of industrial gases.j. High altitude breathing oxygen/medical oxygen.k. Nitrous oxide.l. Refrigerant gases like liquid nitrogen, carbon dioxide etc.in large volumes.m.Argon and other rare gases.n. Alkali/acid resisting cement compoundo. Leather chemicals and auxiliaries.14. Drugs and PharmaceuticalsAccording to Drug Policy.15. i. Paper and pulp including paper products.ii. Industrial laminates.16. i. Automobile tyres and tubes.ii. Rubberised heavy duty industrial beltings of all types.iii. Rubberised conveyor beltings.iv. Rubber reinforced and lined fire fighting hose pipes.v. High pressure braided hoses.vi. Engineering and industrial plastic products.17. Plate Glassi. Glass shells for television tubes.ii. Float glass and plate glass.iii. H.T. insulators.iv. Glass fibres of all types.18. Ceramicsi. Ceramics for industrial uses.19. Cement Productsi. Portland cement.ii. Gypsum boards, wall boards and the like.20. High Technology Reproduction and Multiplication Equipment.21. Carbon and Carbon Productsi. Graphite electrodes and anodes.ii. Impervious graphite blocks and sheets.22. Pretensioned High Pressure RCC Pipes.23. Rubber Machinery24. Printing Machinery.i. Web-fed high speed off-set rotary printing machine having output of 30,000 or more impressions per hour.ii. Photo composing/type setting machines.iii. Multi-colour sheet-fed off-set printing machines of sizes 18"x25" and above.iv. High speed rotograture printing machines having output of 30,000 or more impressions per hour.25. Welding Electrodes other than those for Welding Mild Steel26. Industrial Synthetic Diamonds.27. i. Photosynthesis improvers.ii. Genetically modified free living symbiotics nitrogen fixer.iii. Pheromones.iv. Bio-insecticides.28. Extraction and Upgrading of Minor Oils29. Pre-fabricated Building Material.30. Soya Productsi. Soya texture proteins.ii. Soya protein isolates.iii. Soya protein concentrates.iv. Other specialised products of soyabean.v. Winterised and deodourised refined soyabean oil.31. (a) Certified high yielding hybrid seeds and synthetic seeds and(b) Certified high yielding plantlets developed through plant tissue culture.32. All food processing industries other than milk food, malted foods, and flour, but excluding the items reserved for small-scale sector.33. All items of packaging for food processing industries excluding the items reserved for small scale sector.34. Hotels and tourism-related industry.The features of India's Small Sector Industrial Policy 1991The new policy measures for promoting and strengthen small, tiny and village enterprises were announced on 6th August, 1991. The main thrust of the new policy is to impart more vitality and growth to employment and exports. The salient features of the new policy are: De-regulation, debureaucratisation and simplification on status, regulations and procedures.Increase in the investment limit in plant and machinery of ting enterprise forms 21 lake to Rs 50 lakh, irrespective of the location of the unit.Inclusion of industry related services and business enterprises, irrespective of their location, as small scale industries.Ensuring both adequate flow of credit on a normative basis and quality of its delivery for viable operation on the SSI sector.Setting up a special monitoring agency to oversee the genuine credit needs of the small scale sector.Introduction of suitable legislation to ensure prompt payment of small industries bills.Introduction of a scheme of Integrated Infrastructural development (including technological back up services) for small scale industries.Setting up a Technology Developed Cell in the Small Industries development Organization.Market promotion of SSI products through co-operative/public sector institution's other specialized professional/marketing agencies and the consortia approach.Setting up of an Export Development Center in the Small Industries development Organization.

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What does the local role in reducing public risks from hazardous material include?

What has the author Dan M Kruger written?

What type of protective action should be taken when a hazardous materials vapor is developing causing immediate danger?

Why industrial and residential zones should separated from each other?

What does coshh apply to?

Why is DDT used in other countries if it is known to be hazardous?

In general the type of protection action that should be used when a hazardous materials vapor cloud is rapidly developing and presents an imminent danger is?

What hazardous waste from the environmental protection agency identifies source-specific wastes?

What hazardous waste lists from environmental protection agency identifies source wastes?

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