A free-rider problem.
The nation's government choose which public goods and services to produce because its a command market which allow the government to make all the choices.
Collective provision of goods and services are possible only in the case of Public Goods. Public goods are also known as Collective goods.non excludabilitynon - rival consumptionare the characteristics of the Public Goods. These are a very special class of goods which cannot practically be withheld from one individual consumer without withholding them from all (the "non-excludability criterion") and for which the marginal cost of an additional person consuming them, once they have been produced, is zero (the "non-rivalrous consumption" criterion). The classic example of a nearly pure public good is national defense
The strict definition of a Public Good is that it can be consumed jointly by many individuals at once without diminishing the quantity or quality of the available good or service, therefore, the concept of rival consumption does not apply. The concept of exclusion also does not apply to Public Goods as no-one can be denied the benefit of a public good for reasons of non payment - the Free Rider concept. Examples of Public Goods - clean air, protection from foreign invasion by a defense force etc. Merit Goods are those which the government or society has deemed beneficial or desirable...the benefits of merit goods are usually greater than they seem to the free market or individual. If the free market was left to provide these goods or services, it would probably undervalue them and not commit enough resources to their production. There are "externalities/spill over" benefits to Merit Goods that the individual or Price Market might overlook or undervalue. Merit Good examples - museums, social programs, music education in schools etc. Intervention by society to help drug addicts - anti smoking goods or services, Public Goods can be also be Merit Goods, but not all Merit Goods are Public Goods
Yes, but not all inferior goods are Giffen goods!
A free-rider problem.
Excludability
A free-rider problem.Non-excludability
having no backbone
A nail or hoof or claw are common to all mammals and are a shared evolutionary trait.
No
Public goods can best be described as services provided by the government to benefit all citizens.
A synapomorphy is a shared derived trait among a group of organisms that indicates their common evolutionary history, such as feathers in birds. A homologous trait is a trait shared among different species due to a common ancestor, such as the pentadactyl limb structure in vertebrates. Synapomorphies are specifically used in phylogenetic analysis to determine relationships among organisms, whereas homologous traits can represent a broader concept of shared ancestry.
Public folder
The nation's government choose which public goods and services to produce because its a command market which allow the government to make all the choices.
Its failure to assign the costs of public goods to all consumers.
Collective provision of goods and services are possible only in the case of Public Goods. Public goods are also known as Collective goods.non excludabilitynon - rival consumptionare the characteristics of the Public Goods. These are a very special class of goods which cannot practically be withheld from one individual consumer without withholding them from all (the "non-excludability criterion") and for which the marginal cost of an additional person consuming them, once they have been produced, is zero (the "non-rivalrous consumption" criterion). The classic example of a nearly pure public good is national defense