Possibly from decomposed matter?
Either that or it was full of nutrients to begin with.
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Soil gets most of its nutrients from the breakdown of organic matter, such as decaying plants and animals. These organic materials release nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium into the soil through decomposition, which are then available for plants to use for growth. Additionally, weathering of rocks and minerals also contributes some nutrients to the soil over time.
River valleys tend to have the most fertile soil due to the regular deposit of nutrient-rich sediment from flooding. This process creates a nutrient-dense layer of topsoil that is highly conducive to agriculture.
Land development can disrupt nutrient cycles in soil by removing vegetation that replenishes nutrients, disrupting soil organisms that aid in nutrient recycling, and altering the water flow that transports nutrients through the soil. This can lead to nutrient depletion in the soil and affect plant growth and ecosystem health.
Dark brown or black soil is usually the most nutrient-rich because it contains a good amount of organic matter, which provides essential nutrients for plant growth. This dark color indicates high levels of organic material such as decomposed plants and animals, which contribute to a fertile soil environment.
Soil compaction can reduce pore space in the soil, limiting water infiltration and drainage which can lead to water logging and decreased oxygen levels in the soil. This can hinder root growth and nutrient uptake by plants. Compacted soil also limits microbial activity, which is crucial for nutrient cycling in the soil.
Sandy soil is typically nutrient-poor but drains well, whereas clay soil is nutrient-rich but often retains water. A soil that holds water poorly but has many nutrients may be loamy soil, which is a mix of sand, silt, and clay and offers good drainage while being nutrient-rich. Organic matter can also improve water retention in nutrient-rich soils.