If by formula you mean composition, a post-1982 penny is 97.5% Zinc and 2.5% Copper by mass.
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No, fluorite is softer than a penny on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Fluorite ranks around 4 on the scale, while a penny ranks around 3.5, so fluorite will not scratch a penny.
A penny would scratch minerals with a lower hardness rating such as calcite, gypsum, or talc. Minerals like quartz or topaz would not be scratched by a penny because they are harder than the metal in a penny.
A 1993 penny is composed of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper. Therefore, the percentage of copper in a 1993 penny is 2.5%.
When ammonia cleans a penny, it reacts with the copper oxide layer on the penny's surface. This reaction removes the oxide layer and exposes the shiny copper underneath, causing the penny to appear brighter or even change color.
The mineral that can be scratched by a penny is talc. Talc is the softest mineral on the Mohs scale, with a hardness of 1. A penny has a hardness of around 3.5 on the Mohs scale.