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Not really a "force", more a process.

Chemical weathering primarily. Some mechanical weathering and erosion in active stream passages once these have been enlarged enough to carry large volumes of water.

Rainwater acidified by absorbed atmospheric carbon dioxide sinks through the joints and other discontinuities in the limestone upland's mass, dissolving the calcium carbonate that is the rock's main constituent.

BTW you don't need the adjective. Caves are always underground!

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11y ago
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5mo ago

The force that carves out underground caves from limestone is primarily groundwater, which contains weak carbonic acid that dissolves the calcium carbonate in limestone over time, creating caverns and passages. This process is known as chemical weathering, and the continuous flow of water through cracks and fractures in the limestone gradually enlarges the caves.

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Q: What is the force that carves out underground caves from limestone?
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