Wave-cut cliffs, headlands, sea stacks, sea arches, sea caves, beaches, sandbars, and spits.
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Waves cause erosion by carrying and moving sediments along the coastline. The force of the waves can gradually break down and wear away rocks and cliffs, leading to erosion of the coastline over time.
Surface waves generally cause the most damage during an earthquake as they travel along the Earth's surface and can produce strong shaking. In contrast, P-waves (primary waves) cause the least damage as they are the fastest seismic waves and are typically not as destructive as the slower-moving surface waves.
Planting cover crops, using mulch, and implementing terracing are effective methods to prevent soil erosion.
One way that the hydrosphere and geosphere interact is through the erosion of landforms by water. Water from the hydrosphere can wear down rocks and soil on the geosphere, shaping the Earth's surface through processes like rivers carving out canyons or waves eroding coastlines.
Primary (P) waves cause rock particles to vibrate in the same direction as the wave propagation, resulting in compression and expansion of the rock. Secondary (S) waves cause rock particles to move perpendicular to the wave direction, leading to shearing and deformation of the rock. Surface waves, such as Love and Rayleigh waves, cause rolling and shaking motions at the Earth's surface, resulting in damage and ground shaking.
Gravity plays a significant role in erosion by pulling various materials, such as rocks, soil, and sediment, downhill or towards bodies of water. This movement, known as mass wasting, can lead to erosion as the materials are transported, worn down, and deposited in new locations. Gravity also influences the speed and intensity of erosion processes, ultimately shaping landscapes over time.