The process is called oxidation in general and in many cases the result is an oxide.
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When Oxygen is added to a substance it is called oxidation.
This substance cannot be water, because passing an electric current through water, in a process called electrolysis, produces hydrogen and oxygen gas, not oxygen and sulfur.
When oxygen reacts with a substance we say the substance has been oxydized.
The process of burning is called combustion. During combustion, a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat, light, and usually, new substances.
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells with a higher affinity than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin. This reduces the amount of hemoglobin available to bind oxygen, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.