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The attraction between water particles is called hydrogen bonding. This occurs because the oxygen atom in one water molecule is slightly negatively charged, while the hydrogen atoms are slightly positively charged. This causes the oxygen atom to be attracted to the hydrogen atoms of neighboring water molecules, creating hydrogen bonds.
It is called a hydrogen bond, and is a fairly weak bond between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in different water molecules. It helps give water a high boiling point. If lots of hydrogen bonds are formed, they are collectively strong.
water consists of polar molecules (having partially positive and negative charges) the partially charge of one molecule attracts the opposite partially charge of other molecules (hydrogen bonding) it creates attraction among water molecules.
Hydrogen bonds, dipole forces and London forces are between water molecules in the decreasing priority order.
Sand has high porosity, meaning it has many small spaces between its particles where water can be held. The small size of the sand particles and the forces of attraction between water molecules and the sand particles also contribute to its water-holding capacity. Additionally, the irregular shape of sand particles creates more surface area for water to adhere to.
Gravity pulls water downward through the spaces between soil particles due to the force of gravity. This process is known as infiltration, where water seeps into the ground and fills in the gaps between soil particles. The movement of water through soil is influenced by factors such as pore size, soil type, and the slope of the land.
Water and minerals move upward in plants through a process called capillary action, driven by cohesion and adhesion forces. Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules, causing them to form a continuous column. Adhesion is the attraction between water and the walls of xylem vessels, helping to pull water and minerals upward.
Cohesive soil contains clay particles that stick together due to electrostatic forces, forming cohesive bonds. Non-cohesive soil, on the other hand, lacks clay particles and does not exhibit cohesive properties. The distinction between the two types of soil is important in geotechnical engineering for assessing factors like stability, shear strength, and settlement characteristics.
The tiny spaces between particles of soil are called pores. These pores can be filled with air or water, determining the soil's ability to hold water and support plant growth.